Ⱃⰰⱀⰽⱁ Ⰿⰰⱅⰰⱄⱁⰱⰹⱋ
ⱄ ⱂⱁⱃⰵⰴⰱⰵⱀⱁⱂⱁⰱⰹⰻⰵⱄⱀⰹⰿ ⱁⰱⰻⰰⱎⱀⰻⰵⱀⰻⰹⰿⰰ
ⰓⰍⰓⰉⰒⰕⰀ
ⰑⰄⰓⰋⰅⰍ ⰈⰀ ⰎⰉⰐⰃⰂⰉⰓⰕⰉⰍⰖ
ⰓⰂⰅⰖⰝⰉⰎⰉⰞⰕⰅ Ⱆ ⰈⰀⰃⰓⰅⰁⰖ
ⰈⰀⰃⰓⰅⰁ 2003
Ⱃⱃⰵⰴⱀⰻⱁⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⰹⰿ ⱄⰵ ⱀⰰⰸⰹⰱⰰ ⰽⰵⰾⱅⱄⰽⰹ ⰻⰵⰸⰹⰽ ⰽⱁⰻⰹ ⱄⰵ ⰳⱁⰱⱁⱃⰹⱁ ⱆ Ⰲⰵⰾⱄⱆ ⰹⰸⰿⰵⰼⱆ, ⱁⱅⱂⱃⰹⰾⰹⰽⰵ, 1100. ⰹ 1400. ⰳⱁⰴⰹⱀⰵ. Ⱀⰰ ⱄⱃⰵⰴⱀⰻⱁⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰿ ⰻⰵ ⰻⰵⰸⰹⰽⱆ ⱄⰰⱍⱆⰱⰰⱀ ⰱⰵⰾⰹⰽ ⰽⱁⱃⱂⱆⱄ ⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⰵ ⱂⱃⱁⰸⰵ ⰹ ⱂⰻⰵⱄⱀⰹⱎⱅⰱⰰ, ⱁⱄⱁⰱⰹⱅⱁ ⱆ ⱄⰾⰻⰵⰴⰵⱋⰹⰿ ⱃⱆⰽⱁⱂⰹⱄⰹⰿⰰ:
Ⱀⰵⰽⰹ ⱄⱆ ⱄⱃⰵⰴⱀⰻⱁⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⰹ ⱅⰵⰽⱄⱅⱁⰱⰹ ⱄⰰⱍⱆⰱⰰⱀⰹ ⰹ ⱆ ⰽⰰⱄⱀⰹⰻⰹⰿ ⱃⱆⰽⱁⱂⰹⱄⰹⰿⰰ, ⰰ ⱀⰵⰽⰹ ⱄⱆ ⰸⰰⱂⱃⰰⰱⱁ ⱂⱃⰵⱃⰰⰴⰵ ⱄⱅⰰⱃⱁⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⰹⱈ ⰹⰸⰱⱁⱃⱀⰹⰽⰰ; ⱅⰰⰽⰱⰵ ⱄⱆ ⱂⱃⰵⱃⰰⰴⰵ ⰱⰹⰾⰵ ⱁⱄⱁⰱⰹⱅⱁ ⱍⰵⱄⱅⰵ ⱆ ⱂⰻⰵⱄⱀⰹⱎⱅⰱⱆ: ⰴⰻⰵⰾⰰ ⱀⰰⰻⱄⱅⰰⱃⰹⰻⰹⱈ ⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⰹⱈ ⱂⰻⰵⱄⱀⰹⰽⰰ, Ⰰⱀⰵⰻⱃⰹⱀⰰ ⰹ Ⱅⰰⰾⰹⰵⱄⰹⱀⰰ (6. ⱄⱅ.) ⱄⰰⱍⱆⰱⰰⱀⰰ ⱄⱆ ⱄⰰⰿⱁ ⱆ ⰿⱁⰴⰵⱃⱀⰹⰸⰹⱃⰰⱀⱁⰿ ⱁⰱⰾⰹⰽⱆ, ⰽⱁⰻⰹ ⰻⰵ ⰴⱁⱀⰵⰽⰾⰵ ⱂⱃⰹⰾⰰⰳⱁⰼⰵⱀ ⱀⱁⱃⰿⰰⰿⰰ ⱄⱃⰵⰴⱀⰻⱁⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰳ ⱂⱃⰰⰱⱁⱂⰹⱄⰰ ⰹ ⰳⱃⰰⰿⰰⱅⰹⰽⰵ. Ⱁⱄⰹⰿ ⱅⱁⰳⰰ, ⰹⰸⰱⱁⱃⱀⰹ ⰻⰵ ⱄⱅⰰⱃⱁⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⰹ (ⰹⰾⰹ ⰽⰰⱄⱀⱁⰱⱃⰹⱅⱄⰽⰹ) ⱅⰵⰽⱄⱅ ⱂⰻⰵⱄⰰⰿⰰ ⱅⰹⱈ ⱂⰻⰵⱄⱀⰹⰽⰰ ⱂⱃⰵⱂⰹⱄⰹⰱⰰⱀⰻⰵⰿ ⱆ ⰱⰵⰾⰹⰽⱁⰻ ⰿⰻⰵⱃⰹ ⰹⰸⰿⰹⰻⰵⱀⰻⰵⱀ, ⱍⰵⱄⱅⱁ ⰴⱁ ⱂⱁⱅⱂⱆⱀⰵ ⱀⰵⱃⰰⰸⱆⰿⰾⰻⰹⰱⱁⱄⱅⰹ. Ⱃⱅⱁⰳⰰ ⱄⱆ ⰸⰰ ⱂⱃⱁⱆⱍⰰⰱⰰⱀⰻⰵ ⱄⱃⰵⰴⱀⰻⱁⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰳ ⰻⰵⰸⰹⰽⰰ ⱂⱁⱆⰸⰴⰰⱀⰹⰻⰹ ⰹⰸⰱⱁⱃ ⱂⱃⱁⰸⱀⰹ ⱅⰵⰽⱄⱅⱁⰱⰹ.
Ⰲⱃⰾⱁ ⰻⰵ ⰿⰰⰾⰵⱀ ⰱⱃⱁⰻ ⰹⰸⰱⱁⱃⱀⰹⱈ ⱄⱅⰰⱃⱁⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⰹⱈ ⱅⰵⰽⱄⱅⱁⰱⰰ ⰽⱁⰻⰹ ⱄⱆ ⱄⰰⱍⱆⰱⰰⱀⰹ ⱆ ⱃⱆⰽⱁⱂⰹⱄⰹⰿⰰ ⰹⰸ 8-11. ⱄⱅⱁⰾⰻⰵⱋⰰ1; ⰿⰵⰼⱆ ⱀⰻⰹⰿⰰ ⱄⱆ ⰽⱃⰰⱅⰽⰹ ⱅⰵⰽⱄⱅⱁⰱⰹ ⰸⰰⱂⰹⱄⰰⱀⰹ ⱆ ⱃⱆⰽⱁⱂⰹⱄⱆ Ⱃⰱ. Ⱍⰰⰴⰰ (ⰹⰾⰹ ⱅⰸⰱ. "Ⰾⰹⱈⱇⰹⰾⰴⱄⰽⱁⰿ ⰵⰱⰰⱀⰼⰵⰾⰻⱆ") ⰹⰸ 8-9. ⱄⱅ., ⰳⰾⱁⱄⰵ (ⱀⱂⱃ. ⱄⱅⰰⱃⱁⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⰵ ⰳⰾⱁⱄⰵ ⱆⰸ Ⱁⰱⰹⰴⰹⰻⰵⰱⱆ "Ars amatoria" ⰹ "De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii" M. Capelle), ⱅⰸⰱ. Computus fragment (ⱆ ⱃⱆⰽⱁⱂⰹⱄⱆ Cambridge MS Add. 4543) ⰹⰸ 10. ⱄⱅ., ⱀⰵⰽⱁⰾⰹⰽⱁ ⰽⱃⰰⱅⰽⰹⱈ ⱂⰻⰵⱄⰰⰿⰰ ⱃⰰⱄⱆⱅⰹⱈ ⱆ ⱃⰰⰸⱀⰹⰿ ⱃⱆⰽⱁⱂⰹⱄⰹⰿⰰ, ⱅⰵ ⱃⰰⰸⱀⱁⰾⰹⰽⰰ ⰳⱃⰰⰼⰰ ⱄⰰⰴⱃⰶⰰⱀⰰ ⱆ "Ⰽⱀⰻⰹⰸⰹ ⰹⰸ Ⰾⰾⰰⱀⰴⰰⰱⰰ" (Llyfr Llan Daf): ⱆ ⱅⱁⰿ ⱃⱆⰽⱁⱂⰹⱄⱆ, ⱀⰰⱂⰹⱄⰰⱀⱁⰿ ⱆ 12. ⱄⰳ. ⱆⰳⰾⰰⰱⱀⱁⰿ ⱄⱆ ⱄⰰⰴⱃⰶⰰⱀⰵ ⱂⱁⰱⰹⰻⰵⱄⱀⰵ ⰹⱄⱂⱃⰰⰱⰵ ⰹ ⰴⰰⱃⱁⰱⱀⰹⱌⰵ ⱂⱁⰱⰵⰸⰰⱀⰵ ⱄ Ⰾⰾⰰⱀⰴⰰⰱⱄⰽⱁⰿ ⰱⰹⱄⰽⱆⱂⰹⰻⱁⰿ ⱆ Ⰲⰵⰾⱄⱆ; ⱆⰸ ⰽⱃⰰⱅⰽⰵ ⱄⱅⰰⱃⱁⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⰵ ⱅⰵⰽⱄⱅⱁⰱⰵ, ⱂⱁⱂⱆⱅ "Ⱂⱃⰹⰱⰹⰾⰵⰳⰹⰻⰵ Ⱅⰵⰻⰾⰰ" (Braint Teilo) ⰹⰸ 10-11. ⱄⱅ., ⱅⰰⰻ ⱃⱆⰽⱁⱂⰹⱄ ⱄⰰⰴⱃⰶⰰⰱⰰ ⰹ ⰾⰰⱅⰹⱀⱄⰽⰵ ⱅⰵⰽⱄⱅⱁⰱⰵ ⱆ ⰽⱁⰻⰹⰿⰰ ⱄⰵ ⱄⱂⱁⰿⰹⱀⰻⱆ ⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⰰ ⰹⰿⰵⱀⰰ, ⱂⱁⱀⰵⰽⰰⰴ ⰸⰰⱂⰹⱄⰰⱀⰰ ⱆ ⱁⰱⰾⰹⰽⱆ ⰽⱁⰻⰹ ⱁⰴⱃⰰⰶⰰⰱⰰ ⰹⰸⰳⱁⰱⱁⱃ 6-8. ⱄⱅⱁⰾⰻⰵⱋⰰ. Ⱁⱀⱁⰿⰰⱄⱅⰹⱍⰽⰵ ⰳⱃⰰⰼⰵ ⰹⰿⰰ ⰹ ⱆ ⰴⱃⱆⰳⰹⰿ ⰾⰰⱅⰹⱀⱄⰽⰹⰿ ⱃⱆⰽⱁⱂⰹⱄⰹⰿⰰ, ⱁⱄⱁⰱⰹⱅⱁ ⱆ "Ⰽⰰⰿⰱⱃⰹⰻⱄⰽⰹⰿ ⰰⱀⰰⰾⰹⰿⰰ" (Annales Cambriae) ⱆ ⱃⱆⰽⱁⱂⰹⱄⱆ Harleian MS 3859 (ⱁⰽⱁ 1100.).
Ⰱⱆⰴⱆⱋⰹ ⰴⰰ ⰻⰵ ⰸⰱⱁⰳ ⱀⰰⱃⰰⰱⰹ ⰹ ⰽⱃⰰⱍⰹⱀⰵ ⱄⰰⱍⱆⰱⰰⱀⰹⱈ ⱅⰵⰽⱄⱅⱁⰱⰰ ⰸⰰ ⱄⰰⰴⰰ ⱀⰵⰿⱁⰳⱆⱋⰵ ⱄⰰⱄⱅⰰⰱⰹⱅⰹ ⰹⱄⱌⱃⱂⱀⱆ ⰳⱃⰰⰿⰰⱅⰹⰽⱆ ⱄⱅⰰⱃⱁⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰳⰰ, ⱄⱃⰵⰴⱀⰻⱁⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⰹ ⰻⰵ ⰻⰵⰸⰹⰽ ⱂⱁⰾⰰⰸⰹⱎⱅⰵ ⱆ ⱂⱁⱃⰵⰴⰱⰵⱀⱁⰿ ⱂⱃⱁⱆⱍⰰⰱⰰⱀⰻⱆ ⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰳⰰ ⰻⰵⰸⰹⰽⰰ. Ⱀⰰ ⱄⱃⰵⰴⱀⰻⱁⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰿ ⰻⰵ ⱄⰰⱍⱆⰱⰰⱀⱁ ⱁⰱⰹⰾⰻⰵ ⱅⰵⰽⱄⱅⱁⰱⰰ, ⰽⱁⰻⰹ ⱀⰹⱄⱆ ⱄⰰⰿⱁ ⱁⰴ ⰾⰹⱀⰳⰱⰹⱄⱅⰹⱍⰽⱁⰳ, ⰱⰵⱋ ⰹ ⱁⰴ ⰸⱀⰰⱅⱀⱁⰳ ⰽⱆⰾⱅⱆⱃⱀⱁⰳ, ⰽⱀⰻⰹⰶⰵⰱⱀⱁⰳ, ⰹ ⱂⱁⰱⰹⰻⰵⱄⱀⱁⰳ ⰹⱀⱅⰵⱃⰵⱄⰰ:
Ⱁⰱⰰⰻ ⰻⰵ ⱂⱃⰵⰳⰾⰵⰴ ⰳⱃⰰⰿⰰⱅⰹⰽⰵ ⱄⱃⰵⰴⱀⰻⱁⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰳⰰ ⱀⰰⱄⱅⰰⱁ ⱀⰰ ⱅⰵⰿⰵⰾⰻⱆ ⰻⰵⰸⰹⱍⱀⰵ ⰰⱀⰰⰾⰹⰸⰵ "Ⱍⰵⱅⰹⱃⰹ ⰳⱃⰰⱀⰵ Ⰿⰰⰱⰹⱀⱁⰳⰹⰻⰰ". Ⱂⱃⰹⰿⰻⰵⱃⰹ ⱆ ⱅⰵⰽⱄⱅⱆ ⰳⱃⰰⰿⰰⱅⰹⰽⰵ ⰱⰵⱋⰹⱀⱁⰿ ⱄⱆ ⱆⰸⰵⱅⰹ ⰹⰸ ⱅⰹⱈ ⱂⱃⰹⱍⰰ.
Ⰽⱃⰰⱅⰹⱌⰵ ⱄⰵ ⱆ ⱅⰵⰽⱄⱅⱆ ⱁⰴⱀⱁⱄⰵ ⱀⰰ ⱀⰰⱄⰾⱁⰱⰵ ⱂⱃⰹⱍⰰ:
PPD = Pwyll Pendeuic Dyvet
BVL = Branwen uerch Lyr
MVL = Manawydan Vab Llyr
MVM = Math Vab Mathonwy
Ⱂⱃⰹⱍⰵ ⱄⰰⰿ ⰰⱀⰰⰾⰹⰸⰹⱃⰰⱁ ⱂⱃⰵⰿⰰ ⰹⰸⰴⰰⱀⰻⱆ Ⰾⰻⱆⰴⰱⰹⰳⰰ Ⰿⰻⱆⰾⰻⱈⰰⱆⰸⰵⱀⰰ (1925/1988). Ⱀⰰ ⰽⱃⰰⰻⱆ ⰳⱃⰰⰿⰰⱅⰹⰽⰵ ⱀⰰⰾⰰⰸⰵ ⱄⰵ ⱂⱃⰹⰿⰻⰵⱃⰹ ⰹⰸ ⱃⰰⰸⰾⰹⱍⰹⱅⰹⱈ ⱄⱃⰵⰴⱀⰻⱁⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⰹⱈ ⰹ ⱄⱅⰰⱃⱁⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⰹⱈ ⱅⰵⰽⱄⱅⱁⰱⰰ ⱄ ⰹⱄⱌⱃⱂⱀⰹⰿ ⱂⱁⱂⰹⱄⱁⰿ ⱃⰹⰻⰵⱍⰹ; ⱀⰻⰹⱈⱁⰱⰰ ⰻⰵ ⱄⰱⱃⱈⰰ ⱁⰿⱁⰳⱆⱋⰹⱅⰹ ⱍⰹⱅⰰⱅⰵⰾⰻⱆ ⱁⱄⱀⱁⰱⱀⱁ ⱄⱀⰰⰾⰰⰶⰵⱀⰻⰵ ⱆ ⱂⱃⱁⰱⰾⰵⰿⰹⰿⰰ ⱄⱃⰵⰴⱀⰻⰵⰱⰻⰵⰽⱁⰱⱀⰵ ⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⰵ ⱇⰹⰾⱁⰾⱁⰳⰹⰻⰵ, ⱅⰵ ⱆⱄⱂⱁⱃⰵⰴⰱⱆ ⱄⱅⰰⱃⱁⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰳⰰ ⰻⰵⰸⰹⰽⰰ ⱄⰰ ⱄⱃⰵⰴⱀⰻⰵⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⰹⰿ.
Ⱁⰱⱆ ⱄⰰⰿ ⰳⱃⰰⰿⰰⱅⰹⰽⱆ ⱄⰰⱄⱅⰰⰱⰹⱁ ⰽⰰⱁ ⱄⱅⰹⱂⰵⱀⰴⰹⱄⱅ Ⰸⰰⰽⰾⰰⰴⰵ Ⰰⰾⰵⰽⱄⰰⱀⰴⰵⱃⰰ ⱇⱁⱀ Ⱈⱆⰿⰱⱁⰾⰴⱅⰰ ⱀⰰ Ⱃⰱⰵⱆⱍⰹⰾⰹⱎⱅⱆ ⱆ Ⰱⱁⱀⱀⱆ, ⱅⰹⰻⰵⰽⱁⰿ ⰰⰽⰰⰴⰵⰿⱄⰽⰵ ⰳⱁⰴⰹⱀⰵ 2002/2003; ⰸⰰⱈⰱⰰⰾⰰⱀ ⱄⰰⰿ Ⰸⰰⰽⰾⰰⰴⰹ ⱀⰰ ⱄⱅⰹⱂⰵⱀⰴⰹⰻⰹ ⰱⰵⰸ ⰽⱁⰻⰵ ⱀⰵ ⰱⰹⱈ ⰿⱁⰳⰰⱁ ⰴⱁⰱⱃⱎⰹⱅⰹ ⱁⰱⰰⰻ ⱃⰰⰴ, ⱅⰵ ⱂⱃⱁⱇ. ⰴⱃ. Ⱃⱅⰵⱇⰰⱀⱆ Ⱌⰹⰿⰿⰵⱃⱆ ⱀⰰ ⱂⱁⰿⱁⱋⰹ ⱂⱃⰹ ⰰⱀⰰⰾⰹⰸⰹ ⱅⰵⰽⱄⱅⱁⰱⰰ ⰹ ⱁⱈⱃⰰⰱⱃⰹⰱⰰⱀⰻⱆ ⱆ ⰿⱁⰻⰵⰿ ⰱⰰⰱⰾⰻⰵⱀⰻⱆ ⱄⱃⰵⰴⱀⰻⰵⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⰹⰿ ⰻⰵⰸⰹⰽⱁⰿ.Ⱆ Ⰱⱁⱀⱀⱆ, 20. ⰾⰹⱂⱀⰻⰰ 2003.
§1 Ⱁⰱⱁ ⱄⱆ ⱄⱆⰳⰾⰰⱄⱀⰹⱌⰹ ⱆ ⱄⱃⰵⰴⱀⰻⰵⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰿⰵ (ⱆ ⰸⰰⰳⱃⰰⰴⰰⰿⰰ ⱄⱆ ⰳⱃⰰⱇⰵⰿⰹ ⰽⱁⰻⰹⰿⰰ ⱄⰵ ⰱⰹⰾⰻⰵⰶⰵ):
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ⰱⰵⰸⰱⱆⱍⱀⰹ ⱄⱁⱀⰰⱀⱅⰹ |
Ⰾⰵⱀⰹⱌⰹⰻⰰ: ⰽⰵⰾⱅⱄⰽⰹ ⰸⰱⱆⱍⱀⰹ ⱁⰽⰾⱆⰸⰹⰱⰹ ⱂⱃⰵⱎⰾⰹ ⱄⱆ ⱆ ⰱⱃⰹⱅⱄⰽⱁⰿ ⱆ ⰸⰱⱆⱍⱀⰵ ⱇⱃⰹⰽⰰⱅⰹⰱⰵ (*b, *d, *g > v, đ, *γ; *γ ⰻⰵ ⱂⱁⱅⱁⰿ ⱀⰵⱄⱅⰰⰾⱁ ⱆ ⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰿ):
Ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *abonā 'ⱃⰹⰻⰵⰽⰰ' > ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. afon (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. aub, ⰳⰰⰾ. Abona).
Ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *medu- 'ⰿⰵⰴⱁⰱⰹⱀⰰ' > ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. medd (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. mid, ⰱⱃⰵⱅ. mez).
Ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *dragen- 'ⱅⱃⱀ' > ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. draen (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ.draigen, ⰱⱃⰵⱅ. drean).
Ⰹⰸⰿⰵⰼⱆ ⱄⰰⰿⱁⰳⰾⰰⱄⱀⰹⰽⰰ ⰾⰵⱀⰹⱌⰹⰻⱆ ⱄⱆ ⱂⱃⰵⱅⱃⱂⰻⰵⰾⰹ ⰹ ⱄⱁⱀⰰⱀⱅⰹ: *m > v, *l > ll:
Ⰾⰰⱅ. memoria > ⱄⱅⰱⰵⰾⱎ. myfyr 'ⰹⱄⱅⱃⰰⰶⰹⰱⰰⱀⰻⰵ, ⱀⰰⱆⰽ'.
Ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *abalon 'ⰻⰰⰱⱆⰽⰰ' (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. ubull) > ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. afall.
Ⱆ ⰴⱁⰴⰹⱃⱆ ⱄⰰ ⱄⱆⰳⰾⰰⱄⱀⰹⱌⰹⰿⰰ ⰾⰵⱀⰹⱌⰹⰻⰰ ⱄⱁⱀⰰⱀⰰⱅⰰ ⰹⰸⱁⱄⱅⰰⰻⰵ: ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *kambo- "ⰽⱃⰹⰱ, ⰹⰸⱁⱂⰰⱍⰵⱀ" (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. cam, ⰳⰰⰾ. Cambo-) > ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. cam 'ⱂⱃⰹⰻⰵⱄⱅⱆⱂ'.
Ⰽⰵⰾⱅⱄⰽⰹ ⰱⰵⰸⰱⱆⱍⱀⰹ ⱁⰽⰾⱆⰸⰹⰱⰹ ⱂⱃⰵⱎⰾⰹ ⱄⱆ ⱆ ⰱⱃⰹⱅⱄⰽⱁⰿ ⱆ ⰸⰱⱆⱍⱀⰵ ⱁⰽⰾⱆⰸⰹⰱⰵ (*p, *t, *k > b, d, g):
Ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *katu- 'ⰱⰹⱅⰽⰰ' > ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. cad (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. cath, ⰳⰰⰾ. Catu-).
Ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *kwākwo- 'ⱄⰱⰰⰽⰹ' > ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. pawb (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. cách)
Ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *dekan 'ⰴⰵⱄⰵⱅ' > ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. deg (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. deich, ⰳⰰⰾ. dekant-en).
Ⰹⰸⰰ *r ⰱⰵⰸⰱⱆⱍⱀⰹ ⱁⰽⰾⱆⰸⰹⰱⰹ ⱂⱁⱄⱅⰰⰻⱆ ⰱⰵⰸⰱⱆⱍⱀⰹ ⱇⱃⰹⰽⰰⱅⰹⰱⰹ, ⱆⱄⱂ. ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. corff 'ⱅⰹⰻⰵⰾⱁ' < ⰾⰰⱅ. corpus, arth 'ⰿⰵⰴⰱⰻⰵⰴ' < ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *artos (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. art).
Ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *s > ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. h: ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *siskwo- 'ⱄⱆⱈ' > ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. hysb (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. sesc, ⰱⱃⰵⱅ. hesp); ⱂⱃⱁⰿⰻⰵⱀⰰ ⱄⰵ ⰴⱁⰳⱁⰴⰹⰾⰰ ⱆ ⰽⰰⱄⱀⱁⰿ ⰱⱃⰹⱅⱄⰽⱁⰿ ⱃⰰⰸⰴⱁⰱⰾⰻⱆ: ⰹⰿⰵ ⱃⰹⰻⰵⰽⰵ Sabrina ⱆ ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. ⰳⰾⰰⱄⰹ Hafren, ⰰⰾⰹ ⱆ ⰵⱀⰳⰾⰵⱄⰽⰹ ⰻⰵ ⰴⱁⱄⱂⰻⰵⰾⱁ ⱄⰰ s- (Severn), ⱀⰰⰽⱁⱀ "ⰾⰵⱀⰹⱌⰹⰻⰵ" ⰽⱁⰻⱁⰿ ⰻⰵ -b- ⱂⱃⰵⱎⰾⱁ ⱆ -v-. Ⰾⰰⱅⰹⱀⱄⰽⱁ s ⱁⱄⱅⰰⰻⰵ ⱀⰵⱂⱃⱁⰿⰹⰻⰵⱀⰻⰵⱀⱁ ⱆ ⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰿ, ⱁⱄⰹⰿ ⱆ ⱃⰹⰻⰵⱍⰹⰿⰰ hestor < ⰾⰰⱅ. sextarius ⰹ hwyr 'ⰽⰰⱄⱀⰹ' < ⰾⰰⱅ. sērus.
Ⱀⰰ ⱂⱁⱍⰵⱅⰽⱆ ⱃⰹⰻⰵⱍⰹ, *s ⱀⰵⱄⱅⰰⰻⰵ ⰹⱄⱂⱃⰵⰴ *l: ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *slougo- 'ⰱⱁⰻⱄⰽⰰ' (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. slúag) > ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. llu. Ⰹⰸⰰ ⰽⰵⰾⱅⱄⰽⱁⰳ *s ⰱⱃⰹⱅⱄⰽⱁ *l ⱂⱃⰵⰾⰰⰸⰹⰾⱁ ⰻⰵ ⱆ ⰱⰵⰸⰱⱆⱍⱀⱁ (ⰾⰵⱀⰹⱃⰰⱀⱁ) ll, ⱀⰵ ⱄⰰⰿⱁ ⱆⱀⱆⱅⰰⱃ ⱃⰹⰻⰵⱍⰹ, ⰱⰵⱋ ⰹ ⱀⰰ ⰴⱁⰴⰹⱃⱆ ⰴⰱⰹⰻⱆ ⱃⰹⰻⰵⱍⰹ (ⱄⰰⱀⰴⱈⰹ); ⰽⰰⰽⱁ ⱆ ⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰿ ⱀⰵⰿⰰ ⱃⰹⰻⰵⱍⰹ ⰽⱁⰻⰵ ⱂⱁⱍⰹⱀⰻⱆ ⱀⰵⰾⰵⱀⰹⱃⰰⱀⰹⰿ l, ⱅⱃⰵⰱⰰ ⱂⱃⰵⱅⱂⱁⱄⱅⰰⰱⰹⱅⰹ ⰴⰰ ⱄⱆ ⱅⰹⰻⰵⰽⱁⰿ ⰱⱃⰹⱅⱄⰽⱁⰳⰰ ⱃⰰⰸⰴⱁⰱⰾⰻⰰ ⱂⱁⱁⱂⱋⰵⱀⰹ ⰾⰵⱀⰹⱃⰰⱀⰹ ⱁⰱⰾⰹⱌⰹ ⱃⰹⰻⰵⱍⰹ ⱄ ⱂⱁⱍⰵⱅⱀⰹⰿ *l-.
Ⱃⰽⱆⱂⰹⱀⰰ *ks > ch, ⱆⱄⱂ. ⰱⰵⰾⱎ. chwech < ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *sweks (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. sé); *sr > ffr (ⰽⰰⱁ ⱆ ⰾⰰⱅⰹⱀⱄⰽⱁⰿ), ⱆⱄⱂ. *sruto- 'ⱅⰹⰻⰵⰽ' > ffrwd (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. sruth), ffroen 'ⱀⱁⰸⰴⱃⰱⰰ' < *sroknā (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. srón 'ⱀⱁⱄ'). Ⰲⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁ ⱂⱁⱍⰵⱅⱀⱁ ff- (ⱅⰻ. /f/) ⰱⰵⱋⰹⱀⱁⰿ ⰻⰵ ⱀⰰⱄⱅⰰⰾⱁ ⱀⰰ ⱅⰰⰻ ⱀⰰⱍⰹⱀ, ⱀⱁ ⱂⱁⰻⰰⰱⰾⰻⱆⰻⰵ ⱄⰵ ⰹ ⱆ ⱂⱁⱄⱆⰼⰵⱀⰹⱌⰰ ⰹⰸ ⰾⰰⱅⰹⱀⱄⰽⱁⰳⰰ, ⱀⱂⱃ. ffa 'ⰱⱁⰱ' (pl.) < ⰾⰰⱅ. faba, ffurf 'ⱁⰱⰾⰹⰽ' < ⰾⰰⱅ. forma.
Ⰽⰵⰾⱅⱄⰽⱁ *w ⱂⱁⱄⱅⰰⰻⰵ ⱆ ⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰿ gw, ⱆⱄⱂ. ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *wīro- 'ⰹⱄⱅⰹⱀⰹⱅ' > ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. gwyr (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. fír), ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *windo- "ⰱⰹⰻⰵⰾ" > ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. gwyn (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. find).
Ⰽⰵⰾⱅⱄⰽⱁ *y ⰻⰵ ⱁⱍⱆⰱⰰⱀⱁ (ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *yewanko- 'ⰿⰾⰰⰴ' > ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. ieuanc, ⱆⱄⱂ. ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. óac), ⱀⱁ ⱆ ⱀⰵⱀⰰⰳⰾⰰⱎⰵⱀⱆ ⱄⰾⱁⰳⱆ ⱂⱁⱄⱅⰰⰻⰵ dd ⰹⰸⰰ *i: *newiyos 'ⱀⱁⰱ' > newydd.
§2 Ⱆ ⱀⰰⰻⱄⱅⰰⱃⰹⰻⰹⰿ ⱃⱆⰽⱁⱂⰹⱄⰹⰿⰰ -p, -t, -c ⱀⰰ ⰽⱃⰰⰻⱆ ⱃⰹⰻⰵⱍⰹ ⱄⱅⱁⰻⰵ ⰸⰰ [b, d, g], ⱀⱁ ⱅⰹⰻⰵⰽⱁⰿ ⱄⱃⰵⰴⱀⰻⱁⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰳ ⱃⰰⰸⰴⱁⰱⰾⰻⰰ ⱆⰱⱁⰴⰹ ⱄⰵ ⱂⰹⱄⰰⱀⰻⰵ -b, -d, -g. k ⰹ c ⱂⱁⰴⰻⰵⰴⱀⰰⰽⱁ ⱍⰵⱄⱅⱁ ⱄⱅⱁⰻⰵ ⰸⰰ ⰳⰾⰰⱄ [k], ⰰ v ⰹ f ⰽⱁⱃⰹⱄⱅⰵ ⱄⰵ ⰸⰰ ⱂⰹⱄⰰⱀⰻⰵ ⰳⰾⰰⱄⰰ [v] (ⱆ ⱄⱅⰰⱃⰹⰻⰹⰿ ⰻⰵ ⱃⱆⰽⱁⱂⰹⱄⰹⰿⰰ ⱍⰵⱎⱋⰵ v). Ⰳⱃⰰⱇⰵⰿ u ⰽⰰⱅⰽⰰⰴⰰ ⱄⱅⱁⰻⰹ ⰸⰰ ⰳⰾⰰⱄⱁⰱⰵ [v] ⰹ [w].
§3 Ⰸⰰ ⰳⰾⰰⱄ [ŋ] ⱍⰵⱄⱅⱁ ⱄⰵ ⱂⰹⱎⰵ ⱄⰰⰿⱁ [g], ⱆⱄⱂ. ⰹⰿⰵ Angharad/Agharad, llong 'ⰱⱃⱁⰴ' ⰹ llog. Ⱆ ⱄⱃⰵⰴⱀⰻⱁⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰿ ⰻⱁⱎ ⱀⰵⰿⰰ ⱂⱁⱄⰵⰱⱀⰵ ⰳⱃⰰⱇⰹⰻⰵ ⰸⰰ ⰱⰵⰸⰱⱆⱍⱀⱁ rh (ⱂⰹⱎⰵ ⱄⰵ ⱁⰱⰹⱍⱀⱁ r), ⰰ ⱂⱁⱄⰵⰱⱀⰹ ⰴⰹⰳⱃⰰⱇ ⰸⰰ ⰹⱀⱅⰵⱃⰴⰵⱀⱅⰰⰾⱀⱁ [đ], dd ⱆⰱⱁⰴⰹ ⱄⰵ ⱅⰵⰽ ⰽⱁⱀⱌⰵⰿ ⱄⱃⰵⰴⱀⰻⱁⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰳ ⱃⰰⰸⰴⱁⰱⰾⰻⰰ. Ⱂⱃⰹⰻⰵ ⱄⰵ ⱂⰹⱄⰰⰾⱁ ⱀⰵⱆⰴⰱⱁⰻⰵⱀⱁ d.
Ⰿⱀⱁⰳⰵ ⱄⱆ ⱂⱃⰹⰱⰹⰴⱀⱁ ⱇⱁⱀⱁⰾⱁⱎⰽⰵ ⱃⰰⰸⰾⰹⰽⰵ ⰹⰸⰿⰵⰼⱆ ⱄⱅⰰⱃⱁⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰳⰰ ⰹ ⱄⱃⰵⰴⱀⰻⰵⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰳⰰ ⱄⰰⰿⱁ ⱂⱃⰰⰱⱁⱂⰹⱄⱀⰵ ⱀⰰⱃⰰⰱⰹ; ⱆ ⰻⰵⰴⱀⱁⰿ ⱁⰴ ⰳⰾⰰⰱⱀⰹⱈ ⰹⰸⰱⱁⱃⰰ ⰸⰰ ⱁⱄⰽⱆⰴⱀⱁ ⱂⱁⱄⰱⰻⰵⰴⱁⱍⰵⱀⰹ ⱄⱅⰰⱃⱁⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⰹ, ⱆ ⱄⱅⰰⱃⱁⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰿ "Ⱂⱃⱁⱅⱁⰽⱁⰾⱆ ⰹⰸ Ⰾⰾⰰⱀⰴⰰⰱⰰ" ⱂⰹⱎⰵ ⱄⰵ Tutbulc ⱆⰿⰻⰵⱄⱅⱁ ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. Twdfwlch, ⱀⱁ ⰹⰸⰳⱁⰱⱁⱃ ⰻⰵ ⰱⰵⱋ ⰸⰰⱌⰹⰻⰵⰾⱁ ⰱⰹⱁ /Tudvulx/, ⱄⰾⰹⱍⱀⱁ ⰽⰰⱁ ⱆ ⱄⱃⰵⰴⱀⰻⱁⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰿ; ⱆⰿⰻⰵⱄⱅⱁ ⰴⰱⱁⰳⰾⰰⱄⰰ ei ⱂⰹⱎⰵ ⱄⰵ e (Teliau ⱆⰿⰻⰵⱄⱅⱁ ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. Teilo), ⰰ m ⰽⰰⱅⰽⰰⰴⰰ ⱄⱅⱁⰻⰹ ⱆⰿⰻⰵⱄⱅⱁ ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. f (ⰽⱁⰴ Ⰱⰵⰴⰵ ⱆ 8. ⱄⱅ. ⱍⰹⱅⰰⰿⱁ Brocmail ⰸⰰ ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. Brochfael, ⰱⱃⰹⱅⱄⰽⰹ Brocomaglos). Ⰽⰰⱁ ⱎⱅⱁ ⱄⰵ ⰱⰹⰴⰹ, ⰾⰵⱀⰹⱌⰹⰻⰰ ⱄⱆⰳⰾⰰⱄⱀⰹⰽⰰ ⱆⱁⱂⱋⰵ ⱄⰵ ⱀⰵ ⰱⰹⰾⰻⰵⰶⰹ ⱆ ⱄⱅⰰⱃⱁⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰿ, ⰰ ⱆⰿⰻⰵⱄⱅⱁ ⰳⱃⰰⱇⰵⰿⰰ y ⰹ w ⱆⱂⱁⱅⱃⰵⰱⰾⰻⰰⰱⰰⰻⱆ ⱄⰵ i ⰹ u, ⱀⱂⱃ. maur > ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. mawr. Ⱆⰿⰻⰵⱄⱅⱁ ⰽⰰⱄⱀⰹⰻⰹⱈ ⰴⰱⱁⰳⰾⰰⱄⰰ eu ⰹ au ⱂⰹⱎⰵ ⱄⰵ ou, ⰰ ⱆⰿⰻⰵⱄⱅⱁ oe, ae ⱄⱅⱁⰻⰵ oi, ai: in ois oisou "ⰸⰰ ⰱⰹⰻⰵⰽⰵ ⰱⰹⰻⰵⰽⱁⰱⰰ" ("Ⱂⱃⱁⱅⱁⰽⱁⰾ ⰹⰸ Ⰾⰾⰰⱀⰴⰰⰱⰰ") > ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. yn oes oesau. Ⱆⰿⰻⰵⱄⱅⱁ wy ⱄⱅⰰⱃⱁⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⰹ ⰹⰿⰰ ui ⰹⰾⰹ oi, ⱀⱂⱃ. oith 'ⱁⱄⰰⰿ' > ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. wyth. Ⱆ ⱄⱃⰵⰴⰹⱀⰹ ⱃⰹⰻⰵⱍⰹ ⱆⰿⰻⰵⱄⱅⱁ w ⱂⰹⱎⰵ ⱄⰵ gu, ⱀⱂⱃ. aguen "ⱂⰻⰵⱄⱀⰹⱍⰽⱁ ⱀⰰⰴⰰⱈⱀⱆⱋⰵ" > ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. awen (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. aí).
§4 Ⱁⰱⰰⰽⱁ ⰹⰸⰳⰾⰵⰴⰰ ⱄⰰⰿⱁⰳⰾⰰⱄⱀⰹⱍⰽⰹ ⱅⱃⱁⰽⱆⱅ ⱆ ⱄⱃⰵⰴⱀⰻⰵⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰿⰵ:
| i | ü/u/ | u/w/ |
| ï/y/ | ||
| e | ə/y/ | o |
| a |
Ⰳⱃⰰⱇⰵⰿ y ⱆ ⱀⰵⱀⰰⰳⰾⰰⱎⰵⱀⱁⰿ ⱂⱁⰾⱁⰶⰰⰻⱆ ⱁⰱⰹⱍⱀⱁ ⱁⰸⱀⰰⱍⱆⰻⰵ [ï], ⰰ ⱂⱁⰴ ⱀⰰⰳⰾⰰⱄⰽⱁⰿ [ə]: mynydd 'ⱂⰾⰰⱀⰹⱀⰰ' [m'ənïđ].
§5 Ⱁⱄⰹⰿ ⱀⰰⰱⰵⰴⰵⱀⰹⱈ ⱄⰰⰿⱁⰳⰾⰰⱄⱀⰹⰽⰰ, ⱄⱃⰵⰴⱀⰻⱁⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⰹ ⰹⰿⰰ ⰹ ⰴⰱⱁⰳⰾⰰⱄⰵ (ⰴⰹⱇⱅⱁⱀⰳⰵ), ⱁⰴ ⰽⱁⰻⰹⱈ ⱄⱆ ⱀⰰⰻⱍⰵⱎⱋⰹ ae, oe, ei, ew ⰹ wy.
Ⰽⰵⰾⱅⱄⰽⰹ ⱄⱆ ⰽⱃⰰⱅⰽⰹ ⱄⰰⰿⱁⰳⰾⰰⱄⱀⰹⱌⰹ ⱆ ⱂⱃⰰⰱⰹⰾⱆ ⱁⱍⱆⰱⰰⱀⰹ ⱆ ⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰿ; ⰴⱆⰳⰹ ⱄⱆ ⱂⰰⰽ ⱄⰰⰿⱁⰳⰾⰰⱄⱀⰹⱌⰹ ⱆ ⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰿ ⱂⱁⰽⱃⰰⱅⰹⰾⰹ, ⰱⰻⰵⱃⱁⰻⰰⱅⱀⱁ ⰱⰵⱋ ⱁⰽⱁ ⰳ. 600. (Jackson 1953: 244); ⱂⱃⰹ ⱅⱁⰿⰵ ⱄⱆ ⰴⱁⰶⰹⰱⰻⰵⰾⰹ ⰴⰰⰾⰵⰽⱁⱄⰵⰶⱀⰵ ⱂⱃⱁⰿⰻⰵⱀⰵ:
(Ⰹⰵ. *ō, *eh2, *eh3) > ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *ā > ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. aw (ⱂⱁⰴ ⱀⰰⰳⰾⰰⱄⰽⱁⰿ): ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *lāno- 'ⱂⱆⱀ' > ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. llawn (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. lán, ⰱⱃⰵⱅ. leun); ⱆ ⱀⰵⱀⰰⰳⰾⰰⱎⰵⱀⱁⰿ ⱂⱁⰾⱁⰶⰰⰻⱆ ⱁⰴⱃⰰⰸ ⰻⰵ o, ⱆⱄⱂ. ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. marchawc 'ⰽⱁⱀⰻⰰⱀⰹⰽ', pl. marchogion.
(Ⰹⰵ. *ey) > ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *ē > ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. wy: ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *bēt- 'ⱈⱃⰰⱀⰰ' > ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. bwyd (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. bíad, ⱄⱃⰱⱃⰵⱅ. boed). Ⰹⱄⱅⰹ ⱁⰴⱃⰰⰸ ⰱⱃⰹⰻⰵⰴⰹ ⰹ ⰸⰰ ē ⱆ ⰾⰰⱅ. ⱂⱁⱄⱆⰼⰵⱀⰹⱌⰰⰿⰰ, ⱆⱄⱂ. ⰾⰰⱅ. rēte 'ⰿⱃⰵⰶⰰ' > ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. rhwyd.
(Ⰹⰵ. *ow, *ew) > ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *ō > ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. u: ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *rōdo- 'ⱌⱃⰱⰵⱀ' > ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. rhudd (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. rúad, ⰱⱃⰵⱅ. ruz < ie. *h1rewdho-, ⱆⱄⱂ. ⰾⰰⱅ. rūber). Ⰹⱄⱅⰹ ⱁⰴⱃⰰⰸ ⰱⱃⰹⰻⰵⰴⰹ ⰹ ⰸⰰ ō ⱆ ⰾⰰⱅ. ⱂⱁⱄⱆⰼⰵⱀⰹⱌⰰⰿⰰ, ⱆⱄⱂ. ⰾⰰⱅ. fōrma 'ⰾⰹⰽ' > ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. ffurf.
(Ie. *uH) > ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *ū > ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. i: ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *rūno- 'ⱅⰰⰻⱀⰰ' > ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. rhin (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. rún).
Ⰴⱆⰳⱁ *ī (< ⰹⰵ. =iH) ⱄⰵ ⱂⱁⰽⱃⰰⱅⰹⰾⱁ: ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *sīros 'ⰴⱆⰳⰰⱍⰰⰽ' (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. sír < ⰹⰵ. *seh1ro-, ⱆⱄⱂ. ⰾⰰⱅ. sērus 'ⰽⰰⱄⱀⰹ') > ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. hir, ⰾⰰⱅ. vīnum > ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. gwin 'ⰱⰹⱀⱁ'. Ⱆ ⱄⱃⰵⰴⱀⰻⰵⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰿ ⰴⰰⰽⰾⰵ ⱀⰵⰿⰰ ⱃⰰⰸⰾⰹⰽⰵ ⰹⰸⰿⰵⰼⱆ ⰴⱆⰳⰹⱈ ⰹ ⰽⱃⰰⱅⰽⰹⱈ ⱄⰰⰿⱁⰳⰾⰰⱄⱀⰹⰽⰰ.
Ⰽⱃⰰⱅⰽⱁ *e > y/_ ⱀⰰⰸⰰⰾ + ⱁⰽⰾⱆⰸⰹⰱ, ⱆⱄⱂ. ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *senton 'ⱂⱆⱅ' (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. sét) > ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. hynt, *kwenkwe '5' (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. cóic) > pymp ( > pump).
*a > ae/_KT (ⰳⰴⰻⰵ ⰻⰵ K ⰱⰵⰾⰰⱃ, ⰰ T ⰴⰵⱀⱅⰰⰾ): ⰾⰰⱅ. lacte- 'ⰿⰾⰹⰻⰵⰽⱁ' > ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. llaeth; ⱀⰰ ⱄⰾⰹⱍⰰⱀ ⱀⰰⱍⰹⱀ, *e > ei/_KT, ⱆⱄⱂ. ⰹⰵ. *septm '7' > ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *sextan (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. secht) > ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. seith, *o > wy/_KT, ⱆⱄⱂ. ⰹⰵ. *h3ek'toh1 > ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *oxtū (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. ocht) > ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. wyth.
Ⰽⰵⰾⱅⱄⰽⰹ (ⰹ ⰹⰵ.) *ay i *oy ⱂⱁⱄⱅⰰⰾⰹ ⱄⱆ ⱆ ⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰿ oe, ⱆⱄⱂ. ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. coeg 'ⱂⱃⰰⰸⰰⱀ, ⱄⰾⰹⰻⰵⱂ' < *kaikos (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. cáech).
Ⱆ ⱄⰾⱁⰶⰵⱀⰹⱌⰰⰿⰰ ⰻⰵ ⰱⰵⰸⰹⰱⱀⰹ ⱄⰰⰿⱁⰳⰾⰰⱄⱀⰹⰽ ⱀⰵⱄⱅⰰⱁ ⱄⰹⱀⰽⱁⱂⱁⰿ: *Epo-rēdos 'ⰱⱃⰸ ⱂⱁⱂⱆⱅ ⰽⱁⱀⰻⰰ' > ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. ebrwydd 'ⰱⱃⰸ'.
Ⰹⱄⱂⱃⰵⰴ ⱄⰽⱆⱂⰹⱀⰰ ⱄⰰ *sC- ⱂⱃⰵⰴⰿⰵⱋⰵ ⱄⰵ ⱄⰰⰿⱁⰳⰾⰰⱄⱀⰹⰽ y, ⱆⱄⱂ. ⱄⱅⰱⰵⰾⱎ. stebill 'ⱄⱁⰱⰵ' (ⰾⰰⱅ. stabella 'ⱄⱅⰰⰻⰵ') > ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. ystefyll.§6 Ⱀⰰⰳⰾⰰⱄⰰⰽ ⱆ ⱂⱃⰰⰱⰹⰾⱆ ⱄⱅⱁⰻⰹ ⱀⰰ ⱂⱃⰵⰴⰸⰰⰴⱀⰻⰵⰿ ⱄⰾⱁⰳⱆ. Ⰿⱁⰳⱆⱋⰵ ⰻⰵ ⰴⰰ ⰻⰵ ⱆ ⱃⰰⱀⱁⰿ ⱄⱃⰵⰴⱀⰻⱁⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰿ ⱃⰰⰸⰴⱁⰱⰾⰻⱆ ⰻⱁⱎ ⰱⰹⱁ ⱀⰰⰳⰾⰰⱎⰵⱀ ⱂⱁⱄⰾⰻⰵⰴⱀⰻⰹ ⱄⰾⱁⰳ ⱆ ⱃⰹⰻⰵⱍⰹ; ⱀⰹⰻⰵ ⱂⱁⰸⱀⰰⱅⱁ ⰽⰰⰴⰰ ⰻⰵ ⱅⱁⱍⱀⱁ ⰴⱁⱎⰾⱁ ⰴⱁ ⱃⰵⱅⱃⰰⰽⱌⰹⰻⰵ ⱀⰰⰳⰾⰰⱄⰽⰰ ⱄ ⱂⱁⱄⰾⰻⰵⰴⱀⰻⰵⰳ ⱀⰰ ⱂⱃⰵⱅⱂⱁⱄⰾⰻⰵⰴⱀⰻⰹ ⱄⰾⱁⰳ2. Ⱆ ⱄⱅⰰⱃⱁⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰿ ⰻⰵ ⰱⰹⱁ ⱆⰱⰹⰻⰵⰽ ⱀⰰⰳⰾⰰⱎⰵⱀ ⱂⱁⱄⰾⰻⰵⰴⱀⰻⰹ ⱄⰾⱁⰳ.
Ⱀⰰⰳⰾⰰⱄⰰⰽ ⰻⰵ ⱆ ⰱⱃⰹⱅⱄⰽⱁⰿ ⱄⱅⰰⰻⰰⱁ ⱀⰰ ⱂⱁⱄⰾⰻⰵⰴⱀⰻⰵⰿ ⱄⰾⱁⰳⱆ (ⱀⰰⰽⱁⱀ ⰰⱂⱁⰽⱁⱂⰵ ⰸⰰⰱⱃⱎⱀⰹⱈ ⱄⰾⱁⰳⱁⰱⰰ), ⰰ ⰸⰰⱅⰹⰿ ⱄⰵ, ⱀⰵⱁⰱⰹⱄⱀⱁ ⱆ ⱄⰱⰹⰿ ⰱⱃⰹⱅⱄⰽⰹⰿ ⰻⰵⰸⰹⱌⰹⰿⰰ, ⱂⱁⰿⰰⰽⰰⱁ ⰸⰰ ⰻⰵⰴⰰⱀ ⱄⰾⱁⰳ ⱆⱀⰰⱅⱃⰰⰳ (ⱀⰰ ⱂⰵⱀⱆⰾⱅⰹⰿⱆ). Ⰻⰵⰴⰹⱀⰹ ⰻⰵ ⰹⰸⱆⰸⰵⱅⰰⰽ ⰱⰰⱀⱄⰽⰹ ⰴⰹⰻⰰⰾⰵⰽⱅ ⰱⱃⰵⱅⱁⱀⱄⰽⱁⰳⰰ (vannetais ⰹ ⱀⰵⰽⰹ ⱄⱆⱄⰻⰵⰴⱀⰹ ⰳⱁⰱⱁⱃⰹ ⰴⱃⱆⰳⰹⱈ ⰴⰹⰻⰰⰾⰵⰽⰰⱅⰰ), ⱆ ⰽⱁⰻⰵⰿ ⰻⰵ, ⰱⰻⰵⱃⱁⰻⰰⱅⱀⱁ ⱂⱁⰴ ⱆⱅⰻⰵⱌⰰⰻⰵⰿ ⱄⱅⰰⱃⱁⱇⱃⰰⱀⱌⱆⱄⰽⱁⰳⰰ, ⱀⰰⰳⰾⰰⱄⰰⰽ ⱁⱄⱅⰰⱁ ⱀⰰ ⱂⱁⱄⰾⰻⰵⰴⱀⰻⰵⰿ ⱄⰾⱁⰳⱆ.
§7 Ⰰⰾⱅⰵⱃⱀⰰⱌⰹⰻⰵ ⱄⰰⰿⱁⰳⰾⰰⱄⱀⰹⰽⰰ:
| Ⱁⱄⱀⱁⰱⱀⰹ ⱁⰱⰾⰹⰽ | Ⰹⰸⰿⰹⰻⰵⱀⰻⰵⱀⰹ ⱁⰱⰾⰹⰽ |
| a | ei |
| ae | ei |
| e | y |
| i | i |
| o | y |
| w | o, y |
| y | e |
Ⰹⱄⱂⱃⰵⰴ ⱀⰰⰸⰰⰾⰰ ⰽⱁⰾⰵⰱⰰⰻⱆ ⱄⰵ a ⰹ y [ə]: amgyrwyf/ymgyrwyf 'ⱅⱃⰰⰶⰹⰿ', an/yn 'ⱀⰰⱎ'.
§8 Ⱂⱃⱁⰿⰻⰵⱀⰵ ⱄⱆⰳⰾⰰⱄⱀⰹⰽⰰ:
t (d) + t > ss: *slad-to- > llas 'ⰱⰹⱁ ⰻⰵ ⱆⰱⰹⰻⰵⱀ'
b, d, g + h > p, t, c: tec 'ⰴⱁⰱⰰⱃ' + -haf > teckaf 'ⱀⰰⰻⰱⱁⰾⰻⰹ'; cred- + -ho > cretto 'ⰿⱁⰶⰵ ⰿⰹⱄⰾⰹⱅⰹ' (ⰽⱁⱀⰻⱆⱀⰽⱅⰹⰱ)
dd + h > th: rod- + -ho > rotho 'ⰿⱁⰶⰵ ⰴⰰⱅⰹ'
v + h > ff ; tyv- + -ho > tyffo 'ⰿⱁⰶⰵ ⱃⰰⱄⱅⰹ'
§9 Ⱃⱆⰳⰾⰰⱄⱀⰹⱍⰽⰵ ⰿⱆⱅⰰⱌⰹⰻⰵ ⱄⱆ ⰳⰾⰰⱄⱁⰱⱀⰵ ⱂⱃⱁⰿⰻⰵⱀⰵ ⰽⱁⰻⰵ ⱀⰰ ⱂⱁⱍⰵⱅⰽⱆ ⱀⰵⰽⰵ ⱃⰹⰻⰵⱍⰹ ⰹⰸⰰⰸⰹⰱⰰ ⰳⱃⰰⰿⰰⱅⰹⱍⰽⰹ ⱁⰱⰾⰹⰽ ⱂⱃⰵⱅⱈⱁⰴⱀⰵ ⱃⰹⰻⰵⱍⰹ ⰹⰾⰹ ⰽⱁⱀⱄⱅⱃⱆⰽⱌⰹⰻⰰ ⱆ ⰽⱁⰻⱁⰻ ⱄⰵ ⱅⰰ ⱃⰹⰻⰵⱍ ⱀⰰⰾⰰⰸⰹ. Ⱆ ⱄⱃⰵⰴⱀⰻⰵⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰿ ⱂⱁⱄⱅⱁⰻⰵ ⱅⱃⰹ ⱄⱆⰳⰾⰰⱄⱀⰹⱍⰽⰵ ⰿⱆⱅⰰⱌⰹⰻⰵ, ⰽⱁⰻⰵ ⱄⰵ ⱀⰵⰴⱁⱄⰾⰻⰵⰴⱀⱁ ⰱⰹⰾⰻⰵⰶⰵ ⱆ ⱂⱃⰰⰱⱁⱂⰹⱄⱆ: ⰾⰵⱀⰹⱌⰹⰻⰰ, ⱀⰰⰸⰰⰾⰹⰸⰰⱌⰹⰻⰰ ⰹ ⱄⱂⰹⱃⰰⱀⱅⰹⰸⰰⱌⰹⰻⰰ.
| ⱁⱄⱀⱁⰱⱀⰹ ⱁⰱⰾⰹⰽ ⱃⰹⰻⰵⱍⰹ | ⰾⰵⱀⰹⱌⰹⰻⰰ | ⱀⰰⰸⰰⰾⰹⰸⰰⱌⰹⰻⰰ | ⱄⱂⰹⱃⰰⱀⱅⰹⰸⰰⱌⰹⰻⰰ | |
| c | corn 'ⱃⱁⰳ' | gorn | nghorn | chorn |
| t | tat 'ⱁⱅⰰⱌ' | dat | nhat | that |
| p | penn 'ⰳⰾⰰⰱⰰ' | benn | mhenn | phenn |
| g | gwr 'ⱍⱁⰱⰻⰵⰽ' | wr | ngwr | |
| d | dyn 'ⱁⱄⱁⰱⰰ' | ddyn | nyn | |
| b | baryf 'ⰱⱃⰰⰴⰰ' | varyf | maryf | |
| ll | llaw 'ⱃⱆⰽⰰ' | law | ||
| rh | rhan 'ⰴⰹⱁ' | ran | ||
| m | mam 'ⰿⰰⱅⰹ' | vam |
§10 Ⰾⰵⱀⰹⱌⰹⰻⱆ ⰹⰸⰰⰸⰹⰱⰰⰻⱆ:
§11 Ⱀⰰⰸⰰⰾⰹⰸⰰⱌⰹⰻⱆ ⰹⰸⰰⰸⰹⰱⰰⰻⱆ:
§12 Ⱃⱂⰹⱃⰰⱀⱅⰹⰸⰰⱌⰹⰻⱆ ⰹⰸⰰⰸⰹⰱⰰⰻⱆ:
Ⱃ ⱂⱁⰱⰹⰻⰵⱄⱀⰵ ⱅⱁⱍⰽⰵ ⰳⰾⰵⰴⰹⱎⱅⰰ, ⰾⰵⱀⰹⱌⰹⰻⱆ ⱄⱆ ⰹⰸⰰⰸⰹⰱⰰⰾⰵ ⱃⰹⰻⰵⱍⰹ ⰽⱁⰻⰵ ⱄⱆ ⰸⰰⰱⱃⱎⰰⰱⰰⰾⰵ ⱀⰰ ⱄⰰⰿⱁⰳⰾⰰⱄⱀⰹⰽ ⱆ ⰱⱃⰹⱅⱄⰽⱁⰿⰵ, ⱀⱂⱃ. ⱀ. ⰻⰴ. ⱍⰾⰰⱀⰰ *sindā (ⰶ. ⱃ.): *sindā kastrā > *sindā gastrā > ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. y gaer 'ⰳⱃⰰⰴ'. Ⰽⰰⱅⰽⰰⰴⰰ ⱀⰹⰻⰵ ⱂⱁⱄⰱⰵ ⰻⰰⱄⱀⱁ ⰸⰰⱎⱅⱁ ⰻⰵ ⰴⱁⱎⰾⱁ ⰴⱁ ⰾⰵⱀⰹⱌⰹⰻⰵ; ⱀⰰⱂⱃⰹⰿⰻⰵⱃ, ⰹⰿⰵⱀⰰ (ⰹ ⰿⱆⱎⰽⰰ ⰹ ⰶⰵⱀⱄⰽⰰ) ⰾⰵⱀⰹⱃⰰⰻⱆ ⱂⱁⱍⰵⱅⰰⰽ ⰹⰴⱆⱋⰵ ⱃⰹⰻⰵⱍⰹ ⱆ ⰰⱂⱁⰸⰹⱌⰹⰻⰹ: Arawn vrenhin Annwvyn 'Ⰰⱃⰰⱆⱀ, ⰽⱃⰰⰾⰻ Ⰰⱀⱀyⰱⱀⰰ' (ⱁⱄⱀⱁⰱⱀⰹ ⰻⰵ ⱁⰱⰾⰹⰽ brenhin 'ⰽⱃⰰⰾⰻ'). Ⰿⱁⰳⱆⱋⰵ ⰻⰵ ⰴⰰ ⰻⰵ ⱅⱆ ⱂⱁⱁⱂⱋⰵⱀ ⱁⰱⰾⰹⰽ ⰱⱁⰽⰰⱅⰹⰱⰰ, ⰽⱁⰻⰹ ⰻⰵ ⱆ ⰱⱃⰹⱅⱄⰽⱁⰿ, ⰽⰰⱁ ⰹ ⱆ ⰾⰰⱅⰹⱀⱄⰽⱁⰿⰵ, ⰸⰰⰱⱃⱎⰰⰱⰰⱁ ⱀⰰ *-e.
Ⱀⰰⰸⰰⰾⰹⰸⰰⱌⰹⰻⱆ ⱄⱆ ⰹⰸⰰⰸⰹⰱⰰⰾⰵ ⰹⱄⱂⱃⰱⰰ ⱃⰹⰻⰵⱍⰹ ⰽⱁⰻⰵ ⱄⱆ ⱆ ⰱⱃⰹⱅⱄⰽⱁⰿ ⰸⰰⰱⱃⱎⰰⰱⰰⰾⰵ ⱀⰰ *-n (< ⰹⰵ. *n ⰹ *m): *septen wiro(y) > *septen gwiro- (ⰸⰱⱁⰳ *w > gw) > *septen ngwiro- > ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. seith ngwr.
Ⱃⱂⰹⱃⰰⱀⱅⰹⰸⰰⱌⰹⰻⱆ ⱄⱆ ⰹⰸⰰⰸⰹⰱⰰⰾⰵ ⰹⱄⱂⱃⰱⰰ ⱃⰹⰻⰵⱍⰹ ⰽⱁⰻⰵ ⱄⱆ ⱆ ⰱⱃⰹⱅⱄⰽⱁⰿ ⰸⰰⰱⱃⱎⰰⰱⰰⰾⰵ ⱀⰰ *-s, ⱀⱂⱃ. ⰱⱃⰹⱅ. *trīs kastrā > *trīs xastrā > ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. tri chaer 'ⱅⱃⰹ ⰳⱃⰰⰴⰰ'. Ⰰⰽⱁ ⱃⰹⰻⰵⱍ ⰽⱁⰻⰰ ⰹⰸⰰⰸⰹⰱⰰ ⱄⱂⰹⱃⰰⱀⱅⰹⰸⰰⱌⰹⰻⱆ ⱄⱅⱁⰻⰹ ⰹⱄⱂⱃⰵⰴ ⱃⰹⰻⰵⱍⰹ ⰽⱁⰻⰰ ⱂⱁⱍⰹⱀⰻⰵ ⱄⰰⰿⱁⰳⰾⰰⱄⱀⰹⰽⱁⰿ, ⱁⰱⰹⱍⱀⱁ ⱄⰵ ⱂⱃⰵⰴⰿⰵⱋⰵ ⱂⱁⱍⰵⱅⱀⱁ h-: y harveu 'ⱀⰻⰵⰸⰹⱀⱁ ⱁⱃⱆⰶⰻⰵ' (ⰰⱀⰰⰾⱁⰳⰹⰻⱁⰿ ⱄⰵ ⱅⱁ ⱂⱁⱍⰵⱅⱀⱁ h- ⱂⱃⱁⱎⰹⱃⰹⰾⱁ ⰹ ⰹⰸⰰ ⱀⰵⰽⰹⱈ ⱃⰹⰻⰵⱍⰹ ⰽⱁⰻⰵ ⱀⰵ ⰹⰸⰰⰸⰹⰱⰰⰻⱆ ⱄⱂⰹⱃⰰⱀⱅⰹⰸⰰⱌⰹⰻⱆ).
Ⱂⱃⰵⰿⰴⰰ ⰽⱁⱀⱄⱁⱀⰰⱀⱅⱄⰽⰵ ⰿⱆⱅⰰⱌⰹⰻⰵ ⱂⱁⱄⱅⱁⰻⰵ ⰹ ⱆ ⱄⱅⰰⱃⱁⰹⱃⱄⰽⱁⰿⰵ, ⱁⱀⰵ ⱆ ⱅⱁⰿ ⰻⰵⰸⰹⰽⱆ ⰴⱃⱆⰽⱍⰹⰻⰵ ⱇⱆⱀⰽⱌⰹⱁⱀⰹⱃⰰⰻⱆ; ⱂⱃⰹⰿⰻⰵⱃⰹⱌⰵ, ⱃⰹⰻⰵⱍⰹ ⰽⱁⰻⰵ ⱄⱆ ⰸⰰⰱⱃⱎⰰⰱⰰⰾⰵ ⱀⰰ ⱄⰰⰿⱁⰳⰾⰰⱄⱀⰹⰽ ⱆ ⱄⱅⰰⱃⱁⰹⱃⱄⰽⱁⰿ ⱀⰵ ⰹⰸⰰⰸⰹⰱⰰⰻⱆ ⱂⱃⰹⰻⰵⰾⰰⰸ ⰱⰵⰸⰱⱆⱍⱀⰹⱈ ⱁⰽⰾⱆⰸⰹⰱⰰ ⱆ ⰸⰱⱆⱍⱀⰵ, ⰽⰰⱁ ⱆ ⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰿ, ⰱⰵⱋ ⱇⱃⰹⰽⰰⱅⰹⰱⰹⰸⰰⱌⰹⰻⱆ: *sindā kastrā- > *sindā xastrā > ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. ind chathir.
§13 Ⱂⱁⱄⱅⱁⰻⰵ ⰴⰱⰰ ⱃⱁⰴⰰ (ⰿ. ⰹ ⰶ.) ⰹ ⰴⰱⰰ ⰱⱃⱁⰻⰰ (sg. ⰹ pl.). Iⰿⰵⱀⰹⱌⰵ ⰶⰵⱀⱄⰽⱁⰳ ⱃⱁⰴⰰ ⱆ ⰻⰵⰴⱀⰹⱀⰹ ⰹⰸⰰⰸⰹⰱⰰⰻⱆ ⰾⰵⱀⰹⱌⰹⰻⱆ ⱂⱁⱍⰵⱅⰽⰰ ⰹⰴⱆⱋⰵ ⱃⰹⰻⰵⱍⰹ: morwyn dec 'ⰾⰹⰻⰵⱂⰰ ⰴⰻⰵⰱⱁⰻⰽⰰ' (tec 'ⰾⰹⰻⰵⱂ').
§14 Ⱀⰵⰽⰵ ⰹⰿⰵⱀⰹⱌⰵ ⰿⱁⰳⱆ ⰱⰹⱅⰹ ⰿⱆⱎⰽⱁⰳ ⰹ ⰶⰵⱀⱄⰽⱁⰳ ⱃⱁⰴⰰ, ⱀⱂⱃ. breich 'ⱈⰾⰰⱍⰵ', sarff 'ⰸⰿⰹⰻⰰ', dyn 'ⱍⱁⰱⰻⰵⰽ, ⱁⱄⱁⰱⰰ', wyr 'ⱆⱀⱆⰽ, ⱆⱀⱆⰽⰰ', breudwyt 'ⱄⰰⱀ'. Ⰹⰿⰵⱀⰹⱌⰵ ⰶⰵⱀⱄⰽⱁⰳ ⱃⱁⰴⰰ ⰹⰸⰱⱁⰴⰵ ⱄⰵ ⰽⰰⱅⰽⰰⰴⰰ ⰹⰸ ⰹⰿⰵⱀⰹⱌⰰ ⰿⱆⱎⰽⱁⰳ ⱃⱁⰴⰰ ⱄⱆⱇⰹⰽⱄⱁⰿ -es: amherawdyr 'ⱌⰰⱃ' : amherodres 'ⱌⰰⱃⰹⱌⰰ', brenhin 'ⰽⱃⰰⰾⰻ' : brenhines 'ⰽⱃⰰⰾⰻⰹⱌⰰ'.
§15 Ⱂⰰⰴⰵⰶⰰ ⱀⰵⰿⰰ, ⰰ ⱂⱁⱄⰱⱁⰻⱀⱁⱄⱅ ⱄⰵ ⰹⰸⱃⰰⰶⰰⰱⰰ ⰻⱆⰽⱄⱅⰰⱂⱁⰸⰹⱌⰹⰻⱁⰿ: ⱁⰵⱀ Ⰴⱆⰱ 'ⰻⰰⰳⰰⱀⰻⰰⱌ Ⰱⱁⰶⰻⰹ'. Ⱂⱁⱄⰻⰵⰴⱁⰱⰰⱀⰰ ⰹⰿⰵⱀⰹⱌⰰ (ⱂⱁⱄⱄⰵⱄⱄⱆⰿ) ⱂⱃⰵⱅⱈⱁⰴⰹ ⱂⱁⱄⰻⰵⰴⱁⰱⰰⱅⰵⰾⰻⱆ (ⱂⱁⱄⱄⰵⱄⱄⱁⱃⱆ), ⱀⱁ ⱆ ⱂⱁⰵⰸⰹⰻⰹ ⰿⱁⰶⰵ ⰹ ⱂⱃⰵⱅⱈⱁⰴⰹⱅⰹ: byt lywaydur 'ⰱⰾⰰⰴⰰⰾⰰⱌ ⱄⰱⰹⰻⰵⱅⰰ'.
§16 Ⱅⰱⱁⱃⰱⰰ ⰿⱀⱁⰶⰹⱀⰵ:
| sg. | pl. |
| gen 'ⰱⱃⰰⰴⰰ' | geneu |
| cledyf 'ⰿⰰⱍ' | cledyveu |
| glin 'ⰽⱁⰾⰻⰵⱀⱁ' | glinyeu |
| penn 'ⰳⰾⰰⰱⰰ' | penneu |
| lleidr 'ⰾⱁⱂⱁⰱ' | lladron |
| mab 'ⱄⰹⱀ' | meibon |
| gelyn 'ⱀⰵⱂⱃⰹⰻⰰⱅⰵⰾⰻ' | gelynyon |
| morwyn 'ⰴⰻⰵⰱⱁⰻⰽⰰ' | morwynyon |
| car 'ⱃⱁⰼⰰⰽ' | carant |
| ych 'ⰱⱁⰾ' | ychen |
| brawt 'ⰱⱃⰰⱅ' | broder |
| cat 'ⰱⰹⱅⰽⰰ' | cadyawr |
| ysgwyt 'ⱎⱅⰹⱅ' | ysgwydawr |
| mor 'ⰿⱁⱃⰵ' | moroed |
| ieith 'ⰻⰵⰸⰹⰽ' | ieithoed |
| merch 'ⰽⱋⰹ' | merchet |
| gwreic 'ⰶⰵⱀⰰ' | gwraged |
| ty 'ⰽⱆⱋⰰ' | tei |
| ci 'ⱂⰰⱄ' | cwn |
| enw 'ⰹⰿⰵ' | enwein |
| arglwyd 'ⰳⱁⱄⱂⱁⰴⰰⱃ' | arglwydi |
Ⰲⰵⰾⱎⰽⰹ ⰻⰵ ⰹⰸⰳⱆⰱⰹⱁ ⱂⰰⰴⰵⰶⱀⰵ ⱀⰰⱄⱅⰰⰱⰽⰵ ⰸⰱⱁⰳ ⰰⱂⱁⰽⱁⱂⰵ, ⰳⰾⰰⱄⱁⰱⱀⰵ ⱂⱃⱁⰿⰻⰵⱀⰵ ⱆⱄⰾⰹⰻⰵⰴ ⰽⱁⰻⰵ ⱄⱆ ⱁⱅⱂⰰⰾⰹ ⱄⰱⰹ ⱂⱁⱄⰾⰻⰵⰴⱀⰻⰹ ⱄⰾⱁⰳⱁⰱⰹ ⱆ ⱃⰹⰻⰵⱍⰹⰿⰰ; ⱅⰰ ⱄⰵ ⱂⱃⱁⰿⰻⰵⱀⰰ ⱁⰴⰱⰹⰾⰰ, ⰱⰻⰵⱃⱁⰻⰰⱅⱀⱁ, ⱅⰹⰻⰵⰽⱁⰿ 6. ⱄⱅⱁⰾⰻⰵⱋⰰ. Ⱅⱃⰰⰳⱁⰱⰹ ⱄⱅⰰⱃⰹⱈ ⱂⰰⰴⰵⰶⰰ ⱁⱍⱆⰱⰰⱀⰹ ⱄⱆ ⱆ ⱀⰵⰽⰹⰿ ⰹⰸⱃⰰⰸⰹⰿⰰ, ⱀⱂⱃ. erbynn 'ⱂⱃⱁⱅⰹⰱ' < *are-pendū (ⰴⰰⱅⰹⰱ sg. ⰹⰿⰵⱀⰹⱌⰵ *pendos 'ⰳⰾⰰⰱⰰ', ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. cend 'ⰳⰾⰰⰱⰰ', air chiunn 'ⱂⱃⱁⱅⰹⰱ'), meudwy 'ⱂⱆⱄⱅⰹⱀⰻⰰⰽ' < *magu-dēwī 'ⱄⰾⱆⰳⰰ Ⰱⱁⰳⰰ' (*dēwī ⰻⰵ ⰳⰵⱀⰹⱅⰹⰱ sg. ⰹⰿⰵⱀⰹⱌⰵ *dēwos 'ⰱⱁⰳ', ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. día). Ⱂⱃⰵⰿⰰ ⰴⱃⱆⰳⱁⰿ ⰿⰹⱎⰾⰻⰵⱀⰻⱆ (Koch 1982-3) ⰱⱃⰹⱅⱄⰽⰹ ⰻⰵ ⰹⰸⰳⱆⰱⰹⱁ ⰴⰵⰽⰾⰹⱀⰰⱌⰹⰻⱆ ⰻⱁⱎ ⱂⱃⰹⰻⰵ ⰰⱂⱁⰽⱁⱂⰵ, ⱅⰻ. ⱂⱁⱁⱂⱋⰵⱀ ⰻⰵ ⰻⰵⰴⰰⱀ ⱁⰱⰾⰹⰽ ⰹⰿⰵⱀⰹⱌⰵ ⱆ ⱄⰱⰹⰿ ⱄⰹⱀⱅⰰⰽⱅⰹⱍⰽⰹⰿ ⱁⰴⱀⱁⱄⰹⰿⰰ ⱆ ⱃⰵⱍⰵⱀⰹⱌⰹ.
§17 Ⱍⰾⰰⱀ ⰳⰾⰰⱄⰹ y(r) ⰸⰰ ⱁⰱⰰ ⱃⱁⰴⰰ; ⰹⱄⱂⱃⰵⰴ ⱄⰰⰿⱁⰳⰾⰰⱄⱀⰹⰽⰰ ⰴⱁⰾⰰⰸⰹ ⱆ ⱁⰱⰾⰹⰽⱆ yr (yr_V), ⰹⱄⱂⱃⰵⰴ ⱄⱆⰳⰾⰰⱄⱀⰹⰽⰰ ⱆ ⱁⰱⰾⰹⰽⱆ y (y_C), ⰰ ⰹⰸⰰ ⱄⰰⰿⱁⰳⰾⰰⱄⱀⰹⰽⰰ ⱂⱁⱍⰵⱅⱀⱁ y ⱄⰵ ⰵⰾⰹⰴⰹⱃⰰ, ⱅⰵ ⱍⰾⰰⱀ ⰳⰾⰰⱄⰹ 'r (V_'r). Ⱆ ⰶⰵⱀⱄⰽⱁⰿ ⱃⱁⰴⱆ ⱍⰾⰰⱀ ⰾⰵⱀⰹⱃⰰ ⱂⱁⱍⰵⱅⰰⰽ ⰹⰴⱆⱋⰵ ⱃⰹⰻⰵⱍⰹ; ⱄⱅⰰⱂⰰ ⱄⰵ ⱄ ⱂⱃⰹⰻⰵⰴⰾⱁⰸⰹⰿⰰ ⰹ ⰱⰵⰸⱀⰹⱌⰹⰿⰰ: a'r, o'r, yr, ⰹⱅⰴ.
§18 Ⱍⰾⰰⱀ ⱆ ⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰿ ⱍⰵⱄⱅⱁ ⱄⱅⱁⰻⰹ ⰹⱄⱂⱃⰵⰴ ⱁⱄⱁⰱⱀⰹⱈ ⰹⰿⰵⱀⰰ: y Pwyll '(ⰱⰵⱋ ⱄⱂⱁⰿⰵⱀⱆⱅⰹ) Ⱂⱆⰻⰾⰾ'; ⰿⱁⰶⰵ ⱄⰵ ⱆⱂⱁⱅⱃⰹⰻⰵⰱⰹⱅⰹ ⰹ ⰹⱄⱂⱃⰵⰴ ⰹⰿⰵⱀⰹⱌⰵ ⰽⱁⰻⰰ ⰱⰹ (ⱆ ⰾⰰⱅⰹⱀⱄⰽⱁⰿⰵ) ⱄⱅⰰⰻⰰⰾⰰ ⱆ ⰱⱁⰽⰰⱅⰹⰱⱆ: Y gwr hir, heb y Peredur ina '"Ⰲⰹⱄⱁⰽⰹ ⱍⱁⰱⰻⰵⱍⰵ", ⱃⰵⱍⰵ ⱅⰰⰴⰰ Ⱂⰵⱃⰵⰴⰹⱃ'; ⱀⰵ ⱆⱂⱁⱅⱃⰵⰱⰾⰻⰰⰱⰰ ⱄⰵ ⰹⱄⱂⱃⰵⰴ ⰹⰿⰵⱀⰹⱌⰵ ⱆⰸ ⰽⱁⰻⱆ ⱄⱅⱁⰻⰹ ⰴⱃⱆⰳⰰ ⰹⰿⰵⱀⰹⱌⰰ ⱆ ⱂⱁⱄⰱⱁⰻⱀⱁⰿ ⱁⰴⱀⱁⱄⱆ (ⰽⱁⰻⰹ ⰱⰹ ⱄⰵ ⰹⰸⱃⰰⰸⰹⱁ ⰳⰵⱀⰹⱅⰹⰱⱁⰿ ⱆ ⰾⰰⱅⰹⱀⱄⰽⱁⰿⰵ): coron y deyrnas 'ⰽⱃⱆⱀⰰ ⰽⱃⰰⰾⰻⰵⰱⱄⱅⰱⰰ' (ⱀⰵ: *y coron y deyrnas).
Ⰹⰿⰵⱀⰰ ⰸⰵⰿⰰⰾⰻⰰ ⰴⱁⰾⰰⰸⰵ ⱄ ⱍⰾⰰⱀⱁⰿ: yr Eydal 'Ⰹⱅⰰⰾⰹⰻⰰ', yr Alban 'Ⱎⰽⱁⱅⱄⰽⰰ', yr Yspaen 'Ⱎⱂⰰⱀⰻⱁⰾⱄⰽⰰ', ⰰⰾⰹ ⰽⰰⱅⰽⰰⰴⰰ ⰹ ⰱⰵⰸ ⱀⰻⰵⰳⰰ, ⱀⱂⱃ. Iwerdon 'Ⰹⱃⱄⰽⰰ'.
Ⱍⰾⰰⱀ ⰴⱁⰴⰰⱀ ⱂⱃⰹⰴⰻⰵⰱⱆ ⱂⱁⰹⰿⰵⱀⰹⱍⱆⰻⰵ ⰳⰰ: yr uchaf 'ⱁⱀⱁ Ⱀⰰⰻⰱⰹⱎⰵ'.
Ⰽⰰⱁ ⰹ ⱆ ⱄⱅⰰⱃⱁⰹⱃⱄⰽⱁⰿ, ⰹ ⱆ ⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰿ ⱍⰾⰰⱀ ⱂⱁⱅⰻⰵⱍⰵ ⱁⰴ ⰽⰵⰾⱅⱄⰽⰵ ⱂⱁⰽⰰⰸⱀⰵ ⰸⰰⰿⰻⰵⱀⰹⱌⰵ m. *sindos (> ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. in), f. *sindā (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. in(d)), n. *sindon (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. a). Ⱂⱁⰴⱃⰹⰻⰵⱅⰾⱁ ⰵⰾⰵⰿⰵⱀⱅⰰ -r ⱀⰹⰻⰵ ⱁⰱⰻⰰⱎⱀⰻⰵⱀⱁ.
§19 Ⰿⰰⰾⰹ ⰱⱃⱁⰻ ⱂⱃⰹⰴⰻⰵⰱⰰ ⰹⰿⰰ ⱂⱁⱄⰵⰱⰰⱀ ⱁⰱⰾⰹⰽ ⰸⰰ ⰶ. ⱃ., ⱀⱂⱃ. gwen 'ⰱⰹⰻⰵⰾⰰ' (f.), gwyn 'ⰱⰹⰻⰵⰾⰹ' (m.). Ⱆⰸ ⰹⰿⰵⱀⰹⱌⱆ ⱆ ⰿⱀⱁⰶⰹⱀⰹ ⱂⱃⰹⰴⰻⰵⰱⰹ ⰿⱁⰳⱆ ⱄⱅⰰⰻⰰⱅⰹ ⱆ ⰻⰵⰴⱀⰹⱀⰹ (1) ⰹⰾⰹ ⱆ ⰿⱀⱁⰶⰹⱀⰹ (2):
Kaⰴⰰ ⱄⱅⱁⰻⰵ ⰹⱄⱂⱃⰵⰴ ⰹⰿⰵⱀⰹⱌⰰ, ⱂⱃⰹⰴⰻⰵⰱⰹ ⰾⰵⱀⰹⱃⰰⰻⱆ ⱂⱁⱍⰵⱅⰰⰽ ⰹⰿⰵⱀⰹⱌⰵ, ⱆⱄⱂ. ucheneit vawr 'ⰱⰵⰾⰹⰽⱁ ⰻⰵⱌⰰⱀⰻⰵ', ⰰⰾⰹ dirvawr alar 'ⰱⱃⰾⱁ ⰱⰵⰾⰹⰽⰰ ⰱⱁⰾ (galar)' (MVL 36. 4-5).
Ⱆⱁⰱⰹⱍⰰⰻⰵⱀⰹ ⱄⱆⱇⰹⰽⱄ ⰸⰰ pl. ⱂⱃⰹⰴⰻⰵⰱⰰ ⰻⰵ -(i)on.
§20 Ⱂⱃⰹⰴⰻⰵⰱⰹ ⰹⰿⰰⰻⱆ ⰽⱁⰿⱂⰰⱃⰰⱌⰹⰻⱆ.
Ⰽⱁⰿⱂⰰⱃⰰⱅⰹⰱ ⱄⰵ ⱅⰱⱁⱃⰹ ⱄⱆⱇⰹⰽⱄⱁⰿ -ach, ⱄⱆⱂⰵⱃⰾⰰⱅⰹⰱ ⱄⱆⱇⰹⰽⱄⱁⰿ -haf, ⰵⰽⰱⰰⱅⰹⰱ ⱌⰹⱃⰽⱆⰿⱇⰹⰽⱄⱁⰿ cyn-... -hed:
| ⰽⱁⰿⱂ. | ⱄⱆⱂ. | ⰵⰽⰱ. | |
| tec 'ⰾⰹⰻⰵⱂ' | tegach | teckaf | cyndecket |
| tlawt 'ⱄⰹⱃⱁⰿⰰⱎⰰⱀ' | tlodach | tlottaf | cyndlothet |
Ⱂⱁⱄⱅⱁⰻⰹ ⰹ ⱅⰱⱁⱃⰱⰰ ⰵⰽⰱⰰⱅⰹⰱⰰ ⱄⰰⰿⱁ ⱂⱁⰿⱁⱋⱆ ⱂⱃⰵⱇⰹⰽⱄⰰ cyn- (cym-); ⱅⰹⰿ ⱄⰵ ⱂⱃⰵⱇⰹⰽⱄⱁⰿ ⱁⰴ ⰹⰿⰵⱀⰹⱌⰰ ⰴⱁⰱⰹⰱⰰⰻⱆ ⱂⱃⰹⰴⰻⰵⰱⰹ ⰸⱀⰰⱍⰵⱀⰻⰰ "ⰹⱄⱅⰹ ⰽⰰⱁ..." ⱀⱂⱃ. kyfliw 'ⰹⱄⱅⰵ ⰱⱁⰻⰵ, ⰹⱄⱅⱁⰱⱁⰻⱀⰹ' : lliw 'ⰱⱁⰻⰰ'. Ⰵⰽⰱⰰⱅⰹⰱ ⱄⰵ ⱆⱂⱁⱅⱃⰵⰱⰾⰻⰰⰱⰰ ⰹ ⰵⰽⱄⰽⰾⰰⰿⰰⱅⰹⰱⱀⱁ: kyfliw! 'ⰽⰰⰽⱁ ⰾⰹⰻⰵⱂⰰ ⰱⱁⰻⰰ!'
Ⱃⱆⱇⰹⰽⱄ -ach ⱂⱁⰴⱆⰴⰰⱃⰰⱀ ⰻⰵ ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. (ⱀⰵⱂⱃⰰⰱⰹⰾⱀⱁⰿⱆ) ⰽⱁⰿⱂⰰⱃⰰⱅⰹⰱⱀⱁⰿ ⱄⱆⱇⰹⰽⱄⱆ -s- (ⱀⱂⱃ. ⱆ messa 'ⰾⱁⱎⰹⰻⰹ') < kelt. *-xso- *< -kso-; ⱄⱆⱂⰵⱃⰾⰰⱅⰹⰱⱀⰹ ⱄⱆⱇⰹⰽⱄ -haf ⱂⱁⰴⱆⰴⰰⱃⰰⱀ ⰻⰵ ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. ⱄⱆⱇⰹⰽⱄⱆ -sam (ⱀⱂⱃ. ⱆ nessam 'ⱀⰰⰻⰱⰾⰹⰶⰹ') < kelt. *-samo- (gal. Uxisama 'ⱀⰰⰻⰱⰹⱎⰰ'). Ⱅⰱⱁⱃⰱⰰ ⰵⰽⰱⰰⱅⰹⰱⰰ ⱆ ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. ⰹ ⱄⱅⰰⱃⱁⰹⱃⱄⰽⱁⰿ ⱀⰹⰻⰵ ⱂⱁⰴⱆⰴⰰⱃⱀⰰ.
Ⱀⰵⰽⰹ ⱄⱆⱂⰵⱃⰾⰰⱅⰹⰱⰹ ⱅⰱⱁⱃⰵⱀⰹ ⱄⱆ ⱁⰴ ⱂⱃⰹⰻⰵⰴⰾⱁⰳⰰ, ⱆⱄⱂ. eithaf 'ⰸⰰⰴⱀⰻⰹ' < *ektamos (ⰾⰰⱅ. ex 'ⰹⰸ').
Ⱀⰵⱂⱃⰰⰱⰹⰾⱀⱆ ⰽⱁⰿⱂⰰⱃⰰⱌⰹⰻⱆ ⰹⰿⰰⰻⱆ ⱄⰾⰹⰻⰵⰴⰵⱋⰹ ⱂⱃⰹⰴⰻⰵⰱⰹ:
| ⱂⱁⰸⰹⱅⰹⰱ | ⰽⱁⰿⱂⰰⱃⰰⱅⰹⰱ | ⱄⱆⱂⰵⱃⰾⰰⱅⰹⰱ | ⰵⰽⰱⰰⱅⰹⰱ |
| agos 'ⰱⰾⰹⰸⰰⰽ' | nes | nesaf | nesset |
| da 'ⰴⱁⰱⰰⱃ' | gwell | goreu | cystal, daet |
| drwc 'ⰾⱁⱎ' | gwaeth | gwaethaf | drycket, kyndrwc |
| hen 'ⱄⱅⰰⱃ' | hyn | hynaf | |
| hir 'ⰴⱆⰳ' | hwy | hwyaf | kyhyt |
| ieuanc 'ⰿⰾⰰⰴ' | ieu | ieuaf | ieuanghet |
| llydan 'ⱎⰹⱃⱁⰽ' | llet | llettaf | kyflet |
| mawr 'ⰱⰵⰾⰹⰽ' | mwy | mwyhaf | kymeint |
| hawd 'ⰾⰰⰳⰰⱀ' | haws | hawsaf | hawdet |
§21 Ⰵⰽⰱⰰⱅⰹⰱ ⱄⰵ ⰽⱁⱀⱄⱅⱃⱆⰹⱃⰰ ⱄ ⱂⱃⰹⰻⰵⰴⰾⱁⰳⱁⰿ ac: ky velynet oed ac eur (PPD 17. 20): 'ⰱⰹⰾⰰ ⰻⰵ ⰶⱆⱅⰰ ⰽⰰⱁ ⰸⰾⰰⱅⱁ'.
Ⰽⱁⰿⱂⰰⱃⰰⱅⰹⰱ ⱄⰵ ⰽⱁⱀⱄⱅⱃⱆⰹⱃⰰ ⱄ ⱂⱃⰹⰻⰵⰴⰾⱁⰳⱁⰿ no(c): ny oed yn y teyrnas na march na chassec degach no hi (PPD 16.18) 'ⱆ ⰽⱃⰰⰾⰻⰵⰱⱄⱅⰱⱆ ⱀⰹⰻⰵ ⰱⰹⰾⱁ ⰽⱁⱀⰻⰰ ⱀⰹ ⰽⱁⰱⰹⰾⰵ ⰱⱁⰾⰻⰵ ⱁⰴ ⱀⰻⰵ'
Ⱃⱆⱂⰵⱃⰾⰰⱅⰹⰱ ⱄⰵ ⰽⱁⱀⱄⱅⱃⱆⰹⱃⰰ ⱄ ⱂⱃⰹⰻⰵⰴⰾⱁⰳⱁⰿ o: Oed Gwen goreu onadu 'Ⰳⰱⰵⱀ ⰻⰵ ⰱⰹⰾⰰ ⱀⰰⰻⰱⱁⰾⰻⰰ ⱁⰴ ⱀⰻⰹⱈ'.
Ⱆⰸ ⱂⰰⱃ ⰹⰸⱀⰹⰿⰰⰽⰰ, ⰵⰽⰱⰰⱅⰹⰱ, ⰽⱁⰿⱂⰰⱃⰰⱅⰹⰱ ⰹ ⱄⱆⱂⰵⱃⰾⰰⱅⰹⰱ ⰹⰿⰰⰻⱆ ⱄⰰⰿⱁ ⱁⰱⰾⰹⰽⰵ ⰻⰵⰴⱀⰹⱀⰵ ⰿⱆⱎⰽⱁⰳ ⱃⱁⰴⰰ.
§22 Ⱂⱃⰹⰾⱁⰸⰹ ⱄⰵ ⱅⰱⱁⱃⰵ ⱁⰴ ⱂⱃⰹⰴⰻⰵⰱⰰ ⰴⱁⰴⰰⰱⰰⱀⰻⰵⰿ ⱍⰵⱄⱅⰹⱌⰵ ynlen. ⰹⱄⱂⱃⰵⰴ ⱂⱃⰹⰴⰻⰵⰱⰰ: tangnefeddus 'ⱂⱃⰹⰻⰰⱅⰵⰾⰻⱄⰽⰹ (-ⰰ, -ⱁ)' yn dangnefeddus 'ⱂⱃⰹⰻⰰⱅⰵⰾⰻⱄⰽⰹ'; mawr 'ⰱⰵⰾⰹⰽ (-ⰰ, -ⱁ)' yn vawr 'ⰿⱀⱁⰳⱁ, ⰱⰵⱁⰿⰰ'.
§23 Ⰸⰰⰿⰻⰵⱀⰹⱌⰵ ⱄⰵ ⱆ ⱄⱃⰵⰴⱀⰻⱁⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰿ ⰴⰹⰻⰵⰾⰵ ⱀⰰ a) ⰾⰹⱍⱀⰵ, b) ⱁⰱⰻⰵⰽⱅⱀⰵ, c) ⱂⱁⱄⰱⱁⰻⱀⰵ, d) ⱂⱁⰽⰰⰸⱀⰵ ⰹ e) ⱆⱂⰹⱅⱀⰵ. Ⱁⰴⱀⱁⱄⱀⰹⱈ ⰸⰰⰿⰻⰵⱀⰹⱌⰰ ⱀⰵⰿⰰ; ⱁⰴⱀⱁⱄⱀⰰ ⱍⰵⱄⱅⰹⱌⰰ ⰰ ⰹ ⱀⰻⰵⰸⰹⱀⰵ ⱆⱂⱁⱅⱃⰵⰱⰵ ⱁⰱⱃⰰⰼⰵⱀⰵ ⱄⱆ ⱆ ⱃⰰⰸⰴⰻⰵⰾⱆ ⱁ ⱄⰹⱀⱅⰰⰽⱄⰹ.
§24 Ⰾⰹⱍⱀⰵ ⰸⰰⰿⰻⰵⱀⰹⱌⰵ ⰹⰿⰰⰻⱆ ⱁⱄⱀⱁⰱⱀⰵ, ⰵⰿⱇⰰⱅⰹⱍⱀⰵ ⰹ ⰽⱁⱀⰻⱆⱀⰽⱅⱀⰵ ⱁⰱⰾⰹⰽⰵ.
| ⱁⱄⱀⱁⰱⱀⰵ | ⰵⰿⱇⰰⱅⰹⱍⱀⰵ | ⰽⱁⱀⰻⱆⱀⰽⱅⱀⰵ | |
| 1 | mi, vi, y, i | mivi, myvy | minheu, minneu, inneu |
| 2 | ti, di, dy | tidy, tydi, dydy | titheu, ditheu |
| 3m | ef | efo | ynteu |
| 3f | hi, hy | hihi | hitheu |
| 1pl. | ni, ny | nini, nyny | ninheu, ninneu |
| 2pl. | chwi | chwichwi | chwitheu |
| 3pl. | hwy, wy, wynt | (h)wyntwy | (h)wynteu |
Ⰵⰿⱇⰰⱅⰹⱍⰽⰵ ⰸⰰⰿⰻⰵⱀⰹⱌⰵ ⱀⰰⰳⰾⰰⱎⰰⰱⰰⰻⱆ ⰾⰹⱌⰵ ⱀⰰ ⰽⱁⰻⰵ ⱄⰵ ⱁⰴⱀⱁⱄⰵ: mivi ⱄⰵ ⱍⰵⱄⱅⱁ ⰿⱁⰶⰵ ⱂⱃⰵⰱⰵⱄⱅⰹ ⰽⰰⱁ 'ⰻⰰ, ⰴⱁⰹⱄⱅⰰ'; ⰽⱁⱀⰻⱆⱀⰽⱅⱀⰵ ⰸⰰⰿⰻⰵⱀⰹⱌⰵ ⰹⰿⰰⰻⱆ ⰴⱁⰴⰰⱅⱀⱁ ⰽⱁⱀⱅⱃⰰⱄⱅⰹⰱⱀⱁ ⰸⱀⰰⱍⰵⱀⰻⰵ: minheu 'ⰻⰰ (ⰸⰰ ⱃⰰⰸⰾⰹⰽⱆ ⱁⰴ ⱅⰵⰱⰵ, ⰹⰾⰹ ⱀⰵⰽⱁⰳⰰ ⰴⱃⱆⰳⱁⰳⰰ)', ⰹⰾⰹ ⱂⰰⰽ ⰽⱁⱀⰻⱆⱀⰽⱅⱀⱁ ⰸⱀⰰⱍⰵⱀⰻⰵ titheu 'ⱅⰹ ⱅⰰⰽⱁⰼⰵⱃ, ⰹ ⱅⰹ'.
Ⰾⰹⱍⱀⰵ ⱄⱆ ⰸⰰⰿⰻⰵⱀⰹⱌⰵ ⱆ ⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰿⰵ ⱂⱁⰴⱆⰴⰰⱃⱀⰵ ⱄⱅⰰⱃⱁⰹⱃⱄⰽⰹⰿⰰ: 1sg. ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. ⰹ ⱄⱅⰱⰵⰾⱎ. mi < *mē (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. mé)3, 2sg. ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. ⰹ ⱄⱅⰱⰵⰾⱎ. ti < *tuH (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. tú), 3sg. m. ⱄⱅⰱⰵⰾⱎ. em > ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. ef (stir. é), 1 pl. ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. ⰹ ⱄⱅⰱⰵⰾⱎ. ni < *snē (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. sní), 2pl. ⱄⱅⰱⰵⰾⱎ. hui > ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. chwi < *swē (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. sí, sib), 3pl. ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. wynt < *ēnt- (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. é).
§25 Ⱁⰱⰻⰵⰽⱅⱀⰵ ⱄⰵ ⰸⰰⰿⰻⰵⱀⰹⱌⰵ ⰹⱀⱇⰹⰳⰹⱃⰰⰻⱆ ⰹⰸⰿⰵⰼⱆ ⱀⰵⰽⰹⱈ ⱀⰰⰳⰾⰰⱎⰵⱀⰹⱈ ⱃⰹⰻⰵⱍⰹ ⰹⰾⰹ ⱍⰵⱄⱅⰹⱌⰰ, ⰹ ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⰰ:
| 1. | -m- |
| 2. | -th- |
| 3. | -s-, -e- |
| 1.pl. | -n- |
| 2.pl. | -ch- |
| 3.pl. | -s-, -e- |
Ⱆ 3sg. ⰹ 3pl. -e- ⰴⱁⰾⰰⰸⰹ ⰹⰸⰰ tra "ⰴⱁⰽ" i a "ⰽⱁⰻⰹ" (ⱃⰵⰾ. ⱍⰵⱄⱅⰹⱌⰰ): minheu a'e kymmeraf 'ⰻⰰ ⱋⱆ ⱅⱁ ⱂⱃⰹⱈⰱⰰⱅⰹⱅⰹ' (PPD 13.12).
Ⱁⰱⰻⰵⰽⱅⱀⰵ ⰸⰰⰿⰻⰵⱀⰹⱌⰵ ⰴⱁⰾⰰⰸⰵ ⰹⰸⰰ ⱀⰵⰳⰰⱌⰹⰻⰰ ny, na, ⰹⰸⰰ ⱍⰵⱄⱅⰹⱌⰰ y, yt, ry, neu, ⰹⰸⰰ ⱆⱂⰹⱅⱀⰵ ⱍⰵⱄⱅⰹⱌⰵ a ⰹ ⱃⰵⰾⰰⱅⰹⰱⱀⰵ ⱍⰵⱄⱅⰹⱌⰵ a, ⱅⰵ ⰹⰸⰰ ⱀⰵⰽⰹⱈ ⰱⰵⰸⱀⰹⰽⰰ.
Ⰸⰰⰿⰻⰵⱀⰹⱌⰵ 3. ⰾⰹⱌⰰ ⱂⱁⱅⱂⱆⱀⱁ ⱄⰵ ⱄⱅⰰⱂⰰⰻⱆ ⱄ ⱍⰵⱄⱅⰹⱌⱁⰿ y: Lyma wyd y kyffy 'ⰵⰱⱁ ⰽⰰⰽⱁ ⱋⰵⱎ ⱅⱁ ⱄⱅⰵⱋⰹ'.
| SG. | PL. | |
| 1. | vy, vyn, -m | an, yn, -n |
| 2. | dy, -th | ach, ych, -ch |
| 3. | y, -e, -y | eu, y, -e, -y |
Ⱂⱁⱄⰱⱁⰻⱀⰵ ⰸⰰⰿⰻⰵⱀⰹⱌⰵ ⱆⰸ ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⱄⰽⱆ ⰹⰿⰵⱀⰹⱌⱆ ⰹⰿⰰⰻⱆ ⰸⱀⰰⱍⰵⱀⰻⰵ ⱁⰱⰻⰵⰽⱅⰰ: y garu 'ⰱⱁⰾⰻⰵⱅⰹ ⰳⰰ'; a da gennyf dy welet ti (PPD 9.21) 'ⰴⱃⰰⰳⱁ ⰿⰹ ⰻⰵ ⰱⰹⰴⰻⰵⱅⰹ ⱅⰵ', dosl. 'ⰴⱁⰱⱃⱁ ⰻⰵ ⱄⰰ ⰿⱀⱁⰿ ⱅⰱⱁⰻⰵ ⰱⰹⰼⰵⱀⰻⰵ'.
Ⰹⰸⰰ ⰹⰿⰵⱀⰹⱌⰵ ⰽⱁⰻⱁⰻ ⱂⱃⰵⱅⱈⱁⰴⰹ ⱂⱁⱄⰱⱁⰻⱀⰰ ⰸⰰⰿⰻⰵⱀⰹⱌⰰ ⱍⰵⱄⱅⱁ ⱄⱅⱁⰻⰹ ⰾⰹⱍⱀⰰ ⰸⰰⰿⰻⰵⱀⰹⱌⰰ ⰽⱁⰻⰰ ⱄⰾⱆⰶⰹ ⰸⰰ ⱀⰰⰳⰾⰰⱎⰰⰱⰰⱀⰻⰵ (ⰵⰿⱇⰰⰸⱆ): dy gerennyd di (PPD 2.20-21) 'ⱅⰱⱁⰻⰵ ⱂⱃⰹⰻⰰⱅⰵⰾⰻⱄⱅⰱⱁ'.
Ⱂⱁⱄⰱⱁⰻⱀⰵ ⰸⰰⰿⰻⰵⱀⰹⱌⰵ ⱂⱁⰴⱆⰴⰰⱃⱀⰵ ⱄⱆ ⱄⱅⰰⱃⱁⰹⱃⱄⰽⰹⰿⰰ, ⱆⱄⱂ. ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. y 'ⱀⰻⰵⰳⱁⰱ' = ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. ac < *esyo, ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. y 'ⱀⰻⰵⰸⰹⱀ' (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. a) < *esyās.
§26 Ⱂⱁⰽⰰⰸⱀⰵ ⰸⰰⰿⰻⰵⱀⰹⱌⰵ ⱂⱁⰽⰰⰸⱆⰻⱆ ⱁⱂⱃⰵⰽⱆ ⰹⰸⰿⰵⰼⱆ ⰱⰾⰹⰶⰵ ⰹ ⰴⰰⰾⰻⰵ ⱂⱁⰽⰰⰸⱀⱁⱄⱅⰹ: ⰱⰾⰹⰶⰰ ⱄⰵ ⱂⱁⰽⰰⰸⱀⱁⱄⱅ ⱁⰴⱀⱁⱄⰹ ⱀⰰ ⰳⱁⰱⱁⱃⱀⰹⰽⰰ, ⰴⰰⰾⰻⰰ ⱀⰰ ⱄⱇⰵⱃⱆ ⱆⰴⰰⰾⰻⰵⱀⱆ ⱁⰴ ⰳⱁⰱⱁⱃⱀⰹⰽⰰ.
| "Ⱁⰱⰰⰻ, ⱅⰰⰻ" | hwnn m. | honn f. | hynn n. (ⱄⰰⰿⱁ ⱂⱃⰵⰴⰹⰽⰰⱅⰹⰱⱀⱁ) | pl. hynn |
| "Ⱁⱀⰰⰻ" | hwnnw m. | honno f. | hynny n. (ⱄⰰⰿⱁ ⱂⱃⰵⰴⰹⰽⰰⱅⰹⰱⱀⱁ) | pl. hynny |
Ⱃⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. ⱂⱁⰽⰰⰸⱀⰵ ⰸⰰⰿⰻⰵⱀⰹⱌⰵ hwnn (ⱄⱅⰱⰵⰾⱎ. hinn), honn, hynn ⱁⰴⰳⱁⰱⰰⱃⰰⰻⱆ ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. ⰵⱀⰽⰾⰹⱅⰹⱍⰽⱁⰻ ⱂⱁⰽⰰⰸⱀⱁⰻ ⰸⰰⰿⰻⰵⱀⰹⱌⰹ -sin 'ⱁⰱⰰⰻ, ⱅⰰⰻ' (< ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *sindo-).
§27 Sef ⰸⱀⰰⱍⰹ 'ⰵⰱⱁ', ⰰ ⱆⱂⱁⱅⱃⰵⰱⰾⰻⰰⰱⰰ ⱄⰵ ⱅⰰⰽⱁ ⰴⰰ ⱀⰵⰽⰹ ⰴⰹⱁ ⱃⰵⱍⰵⱀⰹⱌⰵ ⰹⱄⱅⰰⰽⱀⰵ ⰽⰰⱁ ⱅⰵⰿⱆ (topic): Sef a gahat yn y kynghor, rodi Branwen y Vatholwch 'Ⰵⰱⱁ ⱎⱅⱁ ⰻⰵ ⱁⰴⰾⱆⱍⰹⱁ ⱄⰰⰱⰻⰵⱅ: ⰴⰰⱅⰹ Ⰱⱃⰰⱀⰱⰵⱀ Ⰿⰰⱅⱁⰾⱆⱈⱆ', ⰹⰾⰹ: 'Ⱃⰰⰱⰻⰵⱅ ⰻⰵ ⱁⰴⰾⱆⱍⰹⱁ ⱅⱁ, ⰴⰰ ⱄⰵ Ⰱⱃⰰⱀⰱⰵⱀ ⰴⰰ Ⰿⰰⱅⱁⰾⱆⱈⱆ' (BVL 22.22); Sef lliw oed arnunt, claerwyn llathreit 'Ⰵⰱⱁ ⰽⱁⰻⰰ ⰻⰵ ⰱⱁⰻⰰ ⰱⰹⰾⰰ ⱀⰰ ⱀⰻⰹⰿⰰ: ⱄⰻⰰⰻⱀⱁ ⰱⰹⰻⰵⰾⰰ', ili: 'Ⰱⱁⰻⰰ ⰽⱁⰻⰰ ⰻⰵ ⰱⰹⰾⰰ ⱀⰰ ⱀⰻⰹⰿⰰ ⰱⰹⰾⰰ ⰻⰵ ⱄⰻⰰⰻⱀⱁ ⰱⰹⰻⰵⰾⰰ' (PPD 1.20-21).
§28 Ⱆⱂⰹⱅⱀⰵ ⰸⰰⰿⰻⰵⱀⰹⱌⰵ ⱀⰵ ⱃⰰⰸⰾⰹⰽⱆⰻⱆ ⱃⱁⰴ. Ⱁⱄⱀⱁⰱⱀⰰ ⰻⰵ ⱃⰰⰸⰾⰹⰽⰰ ⰹⰸⰿⰵⰼⱆ 1) ⰹⰿⰵⱀⰹⱍⰽⰹⱈ ⰸⰰⰿⰻⰵⱀⰹⱌⰰ, 2) ⱂⱃⰹⰴⰻⰵⰱⱄⰽⰹⱈ, ⰹ 3) ⱂⱃⰹⰾⱁⰶⱀⰹⱈ:
Mi a wnn, pwy wyt ti 'ⰻⰰ ⰸⱀⰰⰿ ⱅⰽⱁ ⱄⰹ ⱅⰹ' (PPD 2.3-4).
Pa darvu... Garadawc vab Bran? 'Ⱎⱅⱁ ⱄⰵ ⰴⱁⰳⱁⰴⰹⰾⱁ Ⰽⰰⱃⰰⰴⰰⱆⰽⱆ, Ⰱⱃⰰⱀⱁⰱⱆ ⱄⰹⱀⱆ?' (BVL 33.25-26).
Ⱆ ⱀⰵⰽⰹⰿ ⱄⰵ ⰽⱁⱀⱅⰵⰽⱄⱅⰹⰿⰰ, ⱁⱄⱁⰱⰹⱅⱁ ⱆ ⰽⰰⱄⱀⰹⰻⰵⰿ ⱄⱃⰵⰴⱀⰻⱁⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰿ, pwy ⱆⱂⱁⱅⱃⰵⰱⰾⰻⰰⰱⰰ ⰹ ⰸⰰ ⱀⰵⰶⰹⰱⱁ: pwy enw dy vab dy? 'ⱎⱅⱁ ⰻⰵ ⰹⰿⰵ ⱅⰱⱁⰻⰵⰳⰰ ⱄⰹⱀⰰ?' = 'kⱁⰻⰵ ⰻⰵ ⰹⰿⰵ ⱅⰱⱁⰻⰵⰿⱆ ⱄⰹⱀⱆ'.
Ⰸⰰⰿⰻⰵⱀⰹⱌⰰ pwy ⱂⱁⱅⱂⱆⱀⱁ ⱁⰴⰳⱁⰱⰰⱃⰰ ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. cía 'ⱅⰽⱁ' < ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *kwēs < ⰹⰵ. *kweys (ⱆⱄⱂ. ⰾⰰⱅ. quis).Pa ansyberwyt... a weleist ti arnaf i? 'ⰽⰰⰽⰱⱆ ⱄⰹ ⱀⰵⱂⱃⰹⱄⱅⱁⰻⱀⱁⱄⱅ ⰱⰹⰴⰹⱁ ⱀⰰ ⰿⰵⱀⰹ?' (PPD 2.7-8).
Pieu y niuer y llongeu 'ⱍⰹⰻⰵ ⰻⰵ ⱅⱁ ⰿⱀⱁⱎⱅⰱⱁ ⰱⱃⱁⰴⱁⰱⰰ?' (BVL 22.5); pieu ⱄⰵ ⱄⰹⱀⱅⰰⰽⱅⰹⱍⰽⰹ ⱂⱁⱀⰰⱎⰰ ⰽⰰⱁ ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⱄⰽⰹ ⱁⰱⰾⰹⰽ ⱄ ⰽⱁⱂⱆⰾⱁⰿ; ⰿⱁⰶⰵ ⱄⰵ ⰴⰰⰽⰾⰵ ⱂⱃⰵⰱⰵⱄⱅⰹ ⰽⰰⱁ 'ⱍⰹⰻⰹ ⰻⰵ'.
Ⰸⰰⰿⰻⰵⱀⰹⱍⰽⱁ pa ⱍⰵⱄⱅⱁ ⱄⰵ ⰽⱁⰿⰱⰹⱀⰹⱃⰰ ⱄ ⱃⰰⰸⰾⰹⱍⰹⱅⰹⰿ ⰹⰿⰵⱀⰹⱌⰰⰿⰰ, ⱅⰵ ⱅⰰⰽⱁ ⰹⰸⱃⰰⰶⰰⰱⰰ ⱄⰾⱁⰶⰵⱀⰰ ⱆⱂⰹⱅⱀⰰ ⰸⱀⰰⱍⰵⱀⰻⰰ, ⱀⱂⱃ. pa delw 'ⰽⰰⰽⱁ, ⱀⰰ ⰽⱁⰻⰹ ⱀⰰⱍⰹⱀ', pa amser 'ⰽⰰⰴⰰ, ⱆ ⰽⱁⰻⰵ ⰱⱃⰹⰻⰵⰿⰵ', ⰹⱅⰴ. Pa beth 'ⰽⱁⰻⰰ ⱄⱅⰱⰰⱃ' ⱁⰱⰹⱍⱀⱁ ⰸⱀⰰⱍⰹ 'ⱎⱅⱁ?'; beth ⱄⰵ ⱍⰵⱄⱅⱁ ⱆⱂⱁⱅⱃⰵⰱⰾⰻⰰⰱⰰ ⰹ ⰱⰵⰸ pa, ⱀⱂⱃ. beth a wnant hwy yma? 'ⱎⱅⱁ ⱁⱀⰹ ⱁⰱⰴⰻⰵ ⱃⰰⰴⰵ?' (BVL 23.8-9).Paham y kymerwn nineu hynny? 'Ⰸⰰⱎⱅⱁ ⰴⰰ ⱅⱁ ⱅⱃⱂⰹⰿⱁ?' (MVL 40.10).
Pan doy di? 'ⱁⰴⰰⰽⰾⰵ ⰴⱁⰾⰰⰸⰹⱎ?' (PPD 9.19).§29 Ⱃⰾⰹⰻⰵⰴⰵ ⱂⱃⰵⱁⱄⱅⰰⰾⰹ ⰸⰰⰿⰻⰵⱀⰹⱍⰽⰹ ⱁⰱⰾⰹⱌⰹ ⱆ ⱄⱃⰵⰴⱀⰻⰵⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰿⰵ:
y lleill, y llall, y neill 'ⰴⱃⱆⰳⰹ, ⰻⰵⰴⰰⱀ (ⱁⰴ ⰴⰱⱁⰻⰹⱌⰵ)':
y neill or gweisson... y llall 'ⰻⰵⰴⰰⱀ ⱁⰴ ⰿⱁⰿⰰⰽⰰ... ⰴⱃⱆⰳⰹ...' (PPD 21.10-12).
un 'ⱀⰵⰽⰹ, ⱀⰵⱅⰽⱁ' (ⱍⰵⱄⱅⱁ ⱄⰵ ⱆⱂⱁⱅⱃⰵⰱⰾⰻⰰⰱⰰ ⰽⰰⱁ ⱀⰵⱁⰴⱃⰵⰼⰵⱀⰹ ⱍⰾⰰⱀ):
ac e rodes un idi teir keinyauc 'ⰹ ⱀⰵⱅⰽⱁ ⰻⱁⰻ ⰻⰵ ⰴⰰⱁ ⱅⱃⰹ ⱀⱁⰱⱍⰹⱋⰰ'
hun 'ⱁⱄⱁⰱⱀⱁ, ⱄⰰⰿ'; ⱆⱂⱁⱅⱃⰵⰱⰾⰻⰰⰱⰰ ⱄⰵ ⰹⰸⰰ ⰹⰸⰰ ⱂⱁⱄⰱⱁⰻⱀⰹⱈ ⰸⰰⰿⰻⰵⱀⰹⱌⰰ:
minneu vy hun yn kael ymlad a Phryderi 'ⱄⰰⰿ ⱋⱆ ⱄⰵ ⰱⱁⱃⰹⱅⰹ ⱄ Ⱂⱃⰹⰴⰵⱃⰹⰻⰵⰿ' (MVM 53.17-18)
ryw 'ⱀⰵⱎⱅⱁ, ⱀⰵⰽⰹ, ⱀⰵⰽⰰⰽⰰⰱ':
y mae yno ryw ystyr hut 'ⰹⰿⰰ ⱆ ⱅⱁⰿⰵ ⱀⰵⰽⰹ ⱅⰰⰻⱀⰹ ⱄⰿⰹⱄⰰⱁ' (PPD 8.1)
pawb 'ⱄⰱⰰⱅⰽⱁ, ⱄⰱⰹ':
y heb pawb 'ⱄⰱⰹ ⱄⱆ ⱃⰵⰽⰾⰹ' (PPD 19.16)
pob 'ⱄⰱⰰⰽⰹ, ⱄⰱⰰⰽⰰ, ⱄⰱⰰⰽⱁ':
A phob nos calan mei y moei 'ⰹ ⱄⰱⰰⰽⰵ ⱀⱁⱋⰹ ⱂⱃⰱⱁⰳⰰ ⱄⰱⰹⰱⱀⰻⰰ ⱁⱀⰰ ⰱⰹ ⱄⰵ ⱁⰶⰴⱃⰹⰻⰵⰱⰹⰾⰰ' (PPD 16.17-18).
neb 'ⱀⰵⰽⰹ, ⱀⰵⰽⰰ, ⱀⰵⰽⱁ':
A neb ny dihengis odyno namyn ef ae wreic 'ⰹ ⱀⰹⱅⰽⱁ ⱀⰹⰻⰵ ⱁⰴⰰⱅⰾⰵ ⱂⱁⰱⰻⰵⰳⰰⱁ ⱁⱄⰹⰿ ⱀⰻⰵⰳⰰ ⰹ ⱀⰻⰵⰳⱁⰱⰵ ⰶⰵⱀⰵ' (BVL 26.33-34).
y lall < ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *alalyos (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. araile, aile 'ⰴⱃⱆⰳⰹ') < ⰹⰵ. *alyo- (ⰾⰰⱅ. alius); pawb < ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *kwākwos (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. cách 'ⱄⰱⰰⱅⰽⱁ') < ⰹⰵ. *kwo-h3ekwo- (ⱄⱅⱄⰾ. ⰽⰰⰽⱏ 'ⰽⰰⰽⰰⰱ'); pob ⰻⰵ ⰹⰸⰱⱁⱃⱀⱁ ⱄⰰⰿⱁ ⱀⰵⱀⰰⰳⰾⰰⱎⰵⱀⰹ ⱁⰱⰾⰹⰽ ⰹⱄⱅⰵ ⰸⰰⰿⰻⰵⱀⰹⱌⰵ (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. cach); neb < *nekwo- (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. nech 'ⱀⰵⱅⰽⱁ').
§30 Ⱂⱃⰹⰻⰵⰴⰾⱁⰸⰹ ⱄⰵ ⱆ ⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰿ, ⰽⰰⱁ ⰹ ⱆ ⰹⱃⱄⰽⱁⰿ, ⱄⱂⱃⰵⰶⱆ ⱂⱁ ⰾⰹⱌⰹⰿⰰ, ⰰⰽⱁ ⱀⰵ ⱄⱅⱁⰻⰵ ⱆⰸ ⰹⰿⰵⱀⰹⱌⱆ.
| sg. | pl. | |||||
| am 'ⱁ' | ||||||
| 1. | amdanaf,ymdanaf | amdanam | ||||
| 2. | ymdanat | amdanawch | ||||
| 3. |
| amdanunt,ymdanunt | ||||
| ar 'ⱀⰰ' | ||||||
| 1. | arnaf | arnam | ||||
| 2. | arnat | arnawch,arnoch | ||||
| 3. |
| arnunt,arnynt | ||||
| o 'ⱁⰴ' | ||||||
| 1. | ohonaf,ohanaf | ohonam,ohonom | ||||
| 2. | ohonat | ohonawch | ||||
| 3. |
| ohonu,ohonunt | ||||
| rwng 'ⰹⰸⰿⰵⰼⱆ' | ||||||
| 1. | ryngof | yrynghom | ||||
| 2. | ryngot | ryngoch | ||||
| 3. |
| ryngdunt,ryndynt | ||||
| tan,dan 'ⰹⱄⱂⱁⰴ' | ||||||
| 1. | adanaf | ydanam | ||||
| 2. | adanot | adanoch | ||||
| 3. |
| adanunt | ||||
| gan 'ⱄ' | ||||||
| 1. | genhyf,gennyf | genhym, gennyn | ||||
| 2. | genhyt,gennyt | genhwch, gennwch | ||||
| 3. |
| ganthud, ganthu | ||||
Ⰸⰰⰿⰻⰵⱀⰹⱌⰵ ⰽⱁⰻⰵ ⱄⰵ ⱄⱂⱃⰵⰶⱆ ⱂⱁ ⰾⰹⱌⰹⰿⰰ ("ⰸⰰⰿⰻⰵⱀⰹⱍⰽⰹ ⱂⱃⰹⰻⰵⰴⰾⱁⰸⰹ") ⱂⱁⱄⱅⱁⰻⰵ ⰹ ⱆ ⱄⱅⰰⱃⱁⰹⱃⱄⰽⱁⰿⰵ, ⱀⱁ ⱄⰰⰿⰰ ⰻⰵ ⰽⱁⱀⰻⱆⰳⰰⱌⰹⰻⰰ ⱃⰰⰸⰾⰹⱍⰹⱅⰰ, ⱆⱄⱂ. ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. form, fort, fair 'ⱀⰰ ⰿⰵⱀⰹ, ⱀⰰ ⱅⰵⰱⰹ, ⱀⰰ ⱀⰻⰵⰿⱆ' ⱄ ⰱⰵⰾⱎ. ⱁⰱⰾⰹⱌⰹⰿⰰ arnaf, arnat, arnaw (ⱆ ⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰿ ⰻⰵ ⰹⰸⰿⰵⰼⱆ ⱂⱃⰹⰻⰵⰴⰾⱁⰳⰰ ⰹ ⰹⰸⰱⱁⱃⱀⰵ ⰸⰰⰿⰻⰵⱀⰹⱌⰵ ⱆⰿⰵⱅⱀⱆⱅ ⰵⰾⰵⰿⰵⱀⱅ *-na-, ⱆⱄⱂ. ⱄⱅⰱⰵⰾⱎ. guor 'ⱀⰰ' < ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *wor- < ⰹⰵ. *upor-).
§31 Ⰱⱃⱁⰻⰵⰱⰹ ⱄⰵ ⰴⰹⰻⰵⰾⰵ ⱀⰰ ⰳⰾⰰⰱⱀⰵ ⰹ ⱃⰵⰴⱀⰵ.
| ⰳⰾⰰⰱⱀⰹ | ⱃⰵⰴⱀⰹ | |
| 1 | un m. un(L) f. | kyntaf |
| 2 | deu(L) m. dwy(L) f. | eil |
| 3 | tri(S) m. teir(L) f. | trydyd m. tryded f. |
| 4 | pedwar m. pedeir(L) f. | pedweryd m. pedwyred f. |
| 5 | pum(p)(N), pym(p)(N) | pymhet |
| 6 | chwe(ch)(S) | chwechet |
| 7 | seith(N) | seithuet |
| 8 | wyth(N) | wythuet |
| 9 | naw(N) | nawuet |
| 10 | dec(N), deg(N) | decuet |
| 20 | ugein(t) | ugeinuet |
| 100 | can(t) | canuet |
| 1000 | mil |
(L) - ⰾⰵⱀⰹⱌⰹⰻⰰ, (N) - ⱀⰰⰸⰰⰾⰹⰸⰰⱌⰹⰻⰰ, (S) -ⱄⱂⰹⱃⰰⱀⱅⰹⰸⰰⱌⰹⰻⰰ
Ⱃⰱⰹ ⱄⱆ ⱀⰰⰱⰵⰴⰵⱀⰹ ⰱⱃⱁⰻⰵⰱⰹ ⱀⰰⱄⰾⰹⰻⰵⰼⰵⱀⰹ ⰹⰸ ⰽⰵⰾⱅⱄⰽⱁⰳⰰ ⰹ ⰹⱀⰴⱁⰵⱆⱃⱁⱂⱄⰽⱁⰳⰰ, ⰻⰵⰴⰹⱀⱁ ⰻⰵ mil ⱂⱁⱄⱆⰼⰵⱀⰹⱌⰰ ⰹⰸ ⰾⰰⱅⰹⱀⱄⰽⱁⰳⰰ (ⰾⰰⱅ. pl. milia, ⱆⱄⱂ. ⰹ ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. míle). Ⰽⰵⰾⱅⱄⰽⰹ ⱄⱆ ⰳⰾⰰⰱⱀⰹ ⰱⱃⱁⰻⰵⰱⰹ *oynos (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. óen), *d(w)āw (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. da, dá), *trīs (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. trí), *kwetwores (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. cethir), *kwenkwe (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. cóic), *swexs (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. sé), *sexten (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. secht), *oxto (stir. ocht), *nowen (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. noí), *deken (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. deich), *wigentī (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. fichit), *kanten (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. cét). Ⱃⱆⱇⰹⰽⱄ ⰸⰰ ⱅⰱⱁⱃⰱⱆ ⱃⰵⰴⱀⰹⱈ ⰱⱃⱁⰻⰵⰱⰰ ⱆ ⰽⰵⰾⱅⱄⰽⱁⰿ ⰻⰵ *-(m)eto-, ⱆⱄⱂ. ⰳⰰⰾ. oxtumetos 'ⱁⱄⰿⰹ', ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. sechtmad 'ⱄⰵⰴⰿⰹ'.
Ⰱⱃⱁⰻⰵⰱⰹ ⱁⰴ 11 ⰴⱁ 19 ⰽⱁⱀⱄⱅⱃⱆⰹⱃⰰⰻⱆ ⱄⰵ ⱄ ⱂⱃⰹⰻⰵⰴⰾⱁⰳⱁⰿ ar: pump ar dec '15', unuet ar dec 'ⰻⰵⰴⰰⱀⰰⰵⱄⱅⰹ'; ⱂⱁⱄⱅⱁⰻⰵ ⰹ ⱁⰱⰾⰹⱌⰹ pymthec '15', undec '11', undecuet 'ⰻⰵⰴⰰⱀⰰⰵⱄⱅⰹ'
Ⰱⱃⱁⰻⰵⰱⰹ ⱁⰴ 20 ⱀⰰ ⰱⰹⱎⰵ ⱅⰱⱁⱃⰵ ⱄⰵ ⱂⱁⰿⱁⱋⱆ ⱆⰿⱀⱁⰶⰰⰽⰰ ⰱⱃⱁⰻⰰ 20: un ar hugeint '21', pymthec ar hugeint '35'; ⱄⱆⱄⱅⰰⰱ ⰻⰵ, ⰴⰰⰽⰾⰵ, ⰱⰹⰳⰵⰸⰹⰿⰰⰾⰰⱀ.
§32 Ⱃⰵⰴⱀⰹ ⰱⱃⱁⰻⰵⰱⰹ ⱄ ⱂⱃⰹⰻⰵⰴⰾⱁⰳⱁⰿ ar ⰹ ⱂⱁⱄⰱⱁⰻⱀⱁⰿ ⰸⰰⰿⰻⰵⱀⰹⱌⱁⰿ ⱆⰾⰰⰸⰵ ⱆ ⱁⱄⱁⰱⰹⱅⱆ ⰽⱁⱀⱄⱅⱃⱆⰽⱌⰹⰻⱆ: Mi a af ar vyn deudecuet ⰴⱁⱄⰾ. 'ⰻⰰ ⱋⱆ ⰹⱋⰹ ⱀⰰ ⱄⰱⱁⰻⰵⰿ ⰴⰱⰰⱀⰰⰵⱄⱅⱁⰿⱆ' ⰸⱀⰰⱍⰹ ⰸⰰⱂⱃⰰⰱⱁ 'ⰻⰰ ⱋⱆ ⰹⱋⰹ ⱄ ⰻⰵⰴⰰⱀⰰⰵⱄⱅⱁⱃⰹⱌⱁⰿ'.
§33 Ⱃⰵⰴⱀⰹ ⰱⱃⱁⰻ n ⱆⰸ ⰹⰿⰵⱀⰹⱌⱆ X ⰿⱁⰶⰵ ⰸⱀⰰⱍⰹⱅⰹ ⰹ "ⰻⰵⰴⰰⱀ ⱁⰴ n X-ⰵⰱⰰ", ⰽⰰⱁ ⰹ ⱆ ⰹⱃⱄⰽⱁⰿ: Branwen, Verch Lyr... yn tryded prif-riein yr ynys honn "Ⰱⱃⰰⱀⰱⰵⱀ, ⰽⱋⰹ Ⰾⰾⰹⱃⰰ... ⰻⰵⰴⱀⰰ ⱁⰴ ⱅⱃⰹ ⰱⰵⰾⰹⰽⰵ ⰽⱃⰰⰾⰻⰹⱌⰵ ⱁⰱⱁⰳⰰ ⱁⱅⱁⰽⰰ" (ⰴⱁⱄⰾⱁⰱⱀⱁ: "ⱅⱃⰵⱋⰰ ⰽⱃⰰⰾⰻⰹⱌⰰ").
Ⰹⰸⰰ ⰱⱃⱁⰻⰵⰱⰰ ⱆⱂⱁⱅⱃⰵⰱⰾⰻⰰⰱⰰ ⱄⰵ ⱆ ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. ⰹⰿⰵⱀⰹⱌⰰ ⱆ ⰻⰵⰴⱀⰹⱀⰹ, ⰽⱁⰻⰰ ⰻⰵ ⱂⱁⰴⱃⰹⰻⰵⱅⰾⱁⰿ ⱂⱁⱀⰵⰽⰰⰴ ⱂⱁⱄⱅⰰⰾⰰ ⱁⰴ ⱂⱃⰰⰽⰵⰾⱅⱄⰽⱁⰳⰰ ⰴⱆⰰⰾⰰ (ⰽⱁⰻⰹ ⰻⰵ ⰻⱁⱎ ⱁⱍⱆⰱⰰⱀ ⱆ ⱄⱅⰰⱃⱁⰹⱃⱄⰽⱁⰿ): ⱆⱄⱂ. *dwā makkwā 'ⰴⰱⰰ ⱄⰹⱀⰰ' (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. dá macc) > ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. deu vab (pl. ⰳⰾⰰⱄⰹ meib).
§34 Ⱃⱃⰵⰴⱀⰻⱁⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⰹ ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾ ⰹⰿⰰ 2 ⰱⱃⱁⰻⰰ: ⰻⰵⰴⱀⰹⱀⱆ ⰹ ⰿⱀⱁⰶⰹⱀⱆ.
§35 Ⱃⱃⰵⰴⱀⰻⱁⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⰹ ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾ ⰹⰿⰰ 4 ⰱⱃⰵⰿⰵⱀⰰ: ⱂⱃⰵⰸⰵⱀⱅ/ⱇⱆⱅⱆⱃ, ⱂⱃⰵⱅⰵⱃⰹⱅ, ⰹⰿⱂⰵⱃⱇⰵⰽⱅ ⰹ ⱂⰾⱆⱄⰽⰱⰰⰿⱂⰵⱃⱇⰵⰽⱅ.
§36 Ⱃⱃⰵⰴⱀⰻⱁⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⰹ ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾ ⰹⰿⰰ 5 ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⱄⰽⰹⱈ ⱀⰰⱍⰹⱀⰰ: ⰹⱀⰴⰹⰽⰰⱅⰹⰱ, ⰹⰿⱂⰵⱃⰰⱅⰹⰱ, ⰽⱁⱀⰴⰹⱌⰹⱁⱀⰰⰾ (= ⰹⰿⱂⰵⱃⱇⰵⰽⱅ), ⰽⱁⱀⰻ. ⱂⱃⰵⰸⰵⱀⱅⰰ ⰹ ⰽⱁⱀⰻ. ⱂⱃⰵⱅⰵⱃⰹⱅⰰ.
§37 Ⱂⱁⱄⱅⱁⰻⰵ ⰹ 2 ⱄⱅⰰⱀⰻⰰ: ⰰⰽⱅⰹⰱ ⰹ ⰿⰵⰴⰹⱁⱂⰰⱄⰹⰱ; ⰿⰵⰴⰹⱁⱂⰰⱄⰹⰱ ⱄⰵ ⰿⱁⰶⰵ ⱅⰱⱁⱃⰹⱅⰹ ⰹ ⱁⰴ ⱀⰵⱂⱃⰵⰾⰰⰸⱀⰹⱈ ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⰰ. Ⰿⰵⰴⰹⱁⱂⰰⱄⰹⰱ ⰹⰿⰰ ⱄⰰⰿⱁ ⱁⰱⰾⰹⰽⰵ 3. ⰾⰹⱌⰰ, ⰹⱄⱅⰵ ⰸⰰ ⰻⰵⰴⱀⰹⱀⱆ ⰹ ⰿⱀⱁⰶⰹⱀⱆ (ⰱ. §39); ⰽⰰⱁ ⱆ ⱄⱅⰰⱃⱁⰹⱃⱄⰽⱁⰿ, ⱆ ⱁⱄⱅⰰⰾⰹⰿ ⱄⰵ ⰾⰹⱌⰹⰿⰰ ⰽⱁⱀⱄⱅⱃⱆⰹⱃⰰ ⱄ ⱁⰱⰻⰵⰽⱅⱀⰹⰿ ⰸⰰⰿⰻⰵⱀⰹⱌⰰⰿⰰ: ny-n-cerir 'ⰿⰹ ⱀⰹⱄⰿⱁ ⰱⱁⰾⰻⰵⱀⰹ', ny-ch-cerir 'ⰱⰹ ⱀⰹⱄⱅⰵ ⰱⱁⰾⰻⰵⱀⰹ'. Ⰿⱁⰶⰵ ⱄⰵ ⱅⰱⱁⱃⰹⱅⰹ ⰹ ⱁⰴ ⱀⰵⱂⱃⰵⰾⰰⰸⱀⰹⱈ ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⰰ, ⱅⰵ ⰹⰿⰰ ⰱⰵⰸⰾⰹⱍⱀⱁ ⰸⱀⰰⱍⰵⱀⰻⰵ:
| yd | aethpwyt | y | Iwerdon |
| ⱍ. | ⰹⱋⰹ.ⱂⰰⱄ.3sg.ⱂⱃⰵⱅ. | ⱆ | Ⰹⱃⱄⰽⰰ |
| (BVL 34.26) | |||
| "Ⰹⱎⰾⱁ ⱄⰵ ⱆ Ⰹⱃⱄⰽⱆ" | |||
§38 Ⱂⱁⱄⱅⱁⰻⰵ 3 ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⱄⰽⰵ ⱁⱄⱀⱁⰱⰵ: ⱂⱃⰵⰸⰵⱀⱅⰰ, ⱂⱃⰵⱅⰵⱃⰹⱅⰰ, ⰽⱁⱀⰻⱆⱀⰽⱅⰹⰱⰰ (+ ⱁⱄⱀⱁⰱⰰ ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⱄⰽⰵ ⰹⰿⰵⱀⰹⱌⰵ ⰹ ⱁⱄⱀⱁⰱⰰ ⱂⰰⱄⰹⰱⱀⱁⰳ ⱂⱃⰵⱅⰵⱃⰹⱅⰰ).
Ⱁⱄⱀⱁⰱⰰ ⱂⱃⰵⱅⰵⱃⰹⱅⰰ = K + -as(s)-, ⱆⱄⱂ. caru 'ⰱⱁⰾⰻⰵⱅⰹ', ⱂⱃⰵⱅ. caras, rydhau 'ⱁⱄⰾⱁⰱⱁⰴⰹⱅⰹ', ⱂⱃⰵⱅ. rydhawd, 1pl. rydhassam, ⰹⱅⰴ. Ⱃⱆⱇⰹⰽⱄ -as- ⰽⱁⰴ ⱀⰵⰽⰹⱈ sⰵ ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⰰ ⱀⰵ ⱂⱁⰻⰰⰱⰾⰻⱆⰻⰵ.
Ⱁⱄⱀⱁⰱⰰ ⰽⱁⱀⰻⱆⱀⰽⱅⰹⰱⰰ = K + -h-: ⱆⱄⱂ. caru 'ⰱⱁⰾⰻⰵⱅⰹ', ⰽⱁⱀⰻ. car(h)o, tyvu 'ⱃⰰⱄⱅⰹ', ⰽⱁⱀⰻ. tyffo, llad 'ⱆⰱⰹⱅⰹ', ⰽⱁⱀⰻ. llatho, credu 'ⰱⰻⰵⱃⱁⰱⰰⱅⰹ', ⰽⱁⱀⰻ. cretto, caffael 'ⰴⱁⰱⰹⱅⰹ', ⰽⱁⱀⰻ. caffo
Ⱃⱆⱇⰹⰽⱄ -h- ⰸⰰ ⱅⰱⱁⱃⰱⱆ ⱁⱄⱀⱁⰱⰵ ⰽⱁⱀⰻⱆⱀⰽⱅⰹⰱⰰ ⱂⱁⰴⱆⰴⰰⱃⰰⱀ ⰻⰵ ⱄⰹⰳⰿⰰⱅⱄⰽⱁⰿ ⱄⱆⱇⰹⰽⱄⱆ -s- ⰸⰰ ⱅⰱⱁⱃⰱⱆ ⱄ-ⰽⱁⱀⰻⱆⱀⰽⱅⰹⰱⰰ ⰹ s-ⱇⱆⱅⱆⱃⰰ ⱆ ⱄⱅⰰⱃⱁⰹⱃⱄⰽⱁⰿ, ⱀⱂⱃ. ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. geiss 'ⰿⱁⰾⰹⱁ ⰱⰹ' < *gwhedh-s-ti.
Ⰹⰿⱂⰵⱃⰰⱅⰹⰱ ⰹⰿⰰ ⱂⱁⱄⰵⰱⱀⱆ ⱀⰵⰳⰰⱌⰹⰻⱆ, na.
§39 Ⱀⰰⱄⱅⰰⰱⱌⰹ:
ⱂⱃⰵⰸⰵⱀⱅⰰ -af, -i, -0, -wn, -wch, -ant
ⰹⰿⱂⰵⱃⱇⰵⰽⱅⰰ -wn, -ut, -ei, -em, -ewch, -ynt
ⱂⱃⰵⱅⰵⱃⰹⱅⰰ -i-, -t, -0 (-awd, -a-, -i-, -wy-), -am, -awch, -ant
ⰽⱁⱀⰻⱆⱀⰽⱅⰹⰱⰰ -wyf, -ych, -wy (-o), -om, -och, wynt (-ont)
Ⱂⰰⱄⰹⰱ ⰹⰿⰰ ⱂⱁⱄⰵⰱⱀⰵ ⱁⰱⰾⰹⰽⰵ ⱄⰰⰿⱁ ⰸⰰ 3. ⰾ. ⱆ ⱄⰱⰹⰿ ⱀⰰⱍⰹⱀⰹⰿⰰ ⰹ ⰱⱃⰵⰿⰵⱀⰹⰿⰰ. Ⱁⰸⱀⰰⰽⰰ ⰿⱆ ⰻⰵ -r ⱆ ⱂⱃⰵⰸⰵⱀⱅⱆ ⰹ ⰽⱁⱀⰻⱆⱀⰽⱅⰹⰱⱆ ⱂⱃⰵⰸⰵⱀⱅⰰ, -t ⱆ ⱁⱄⱅⰰⰾⰹⰿ ⱀⰰⱍⰹⱀⰹⰿⰰ ⰹ ⰱⱃⰵⰿⰵⱀⰹⰿⰰ4.
Ⱃⱃⰵⰴⱀⰻⱁⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⰹ ⱄⱆ ⱂⱃⰵⰸⰵⱀⱅⱄⰽⰹ ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⱄⰽⰹ ⱀⰰⱄⱅⰰⰱⱌⰹ ⰿⰻⰵⱎⰰⰱⰹⱀⰰ ⰰⱂⱄⱁⰾⱆⱅⱀⰹⱈ ⰹ ⰽⱁⱀⰻⱆⱀⰽⱅⱀⰹⱈ ⱀⰰⱄⱅⰰⰱⰰⰽⰰ ⰽⱁⰻⰹ ⱄⰵ ⰿⱁⰳⱆ ⱂⱃⰵⱅⱂⱁⱄⱅⰰⰱⰹⱅⰹ ⰸⰰ ⱂⱃⰰ-ⱁⱅⱁⱍⱀⱁⰽⰵⰾⱅⱄⰽⰹ; ⱆ ⱂⱃⰰⰱⰹⰾⱆ, ⱀⰰⱄⱅⰰⰱⱌⰹ 3. ⰾ. sg. ⱍⱆⰱⰰⰻⱆ ⰽⱁⱀⰻⱆⱀⰽⱅⱀⰹ ⱁⰱⰾⰹⰽ (*-e-t), ⱀⱁ ⱆ ⱄⱅⰰⱃⱁⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰿ ⰹⰿⰰ ⰹ ⱅⱃⰰⰳⱁⰱⰰ ⰰⱂⱄⱁⰾⱆⱅⱀⰹⱈ ⱀⰰⱄⱅⰰⰱⰰⰽⰰ (*-e-ti), ⱆⱄⱂ. ⱄⱅⰱⰵⰾⱎ. prinit 'ⰽⱆⱂⱆⰻⰵ', retit 'ⱅⱃⱍⰹ' < *reteti (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. rethid).
Ⱆ 1sg. ⱂⱃⰵⰸⰵⱀⱅⰰ ⱀⰰⱄⱅⰰⰱⰰⰽ -af ⱆ ⱄⱅⰱⰵⰾⱎ. ⰳⰾⰰⱄⰹ -am (coilam 'ⰱⰻⰵⱃⱆⰻⰵⰿ') < *ā-mi (ⱆⱄⱂ. ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. canaimm 'ⱂⰻⰵⰱⰰⰿ').
Ⱆ 2sg. ⱂⱃⰵⰸ. -i < ⱄⱅⰱⰵⰾⱎ. -i(d) (ⱄⱅⰱⰵⰾⱎ. chepi 'ⱀⰰⰾⰰⰸⰹⱎ') < *-Vi (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. canai 'ⱂⰻⰵⰱⰰⱎ').
Ⱆ 3pl. ⱂⱃⰵⰸ. -ant < ⱄⱅⰱⰵⰾⱎ. -ant, -int (ⱄⱅⰱⰵⰾⱎ. nertheint 'ⱂⱃⰹⱄⰹⰾⰻⰰⰱⰰⰻⱆ') < *-ānti, *-enti (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. canait 'ⱂⰻⰵⰱⰰⰻⱆ').
§40 Ⱆ ⰹⰸⰻⰰⰱⱀⰹⰿ ⱃⰵⱍⰵⱀⰹⱌⰰⰿⰰ ⰹⱄⱂⱃⰵⰴ ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⰰ ⱄⱅⱁⰻⰹ ⱍⰵⱄⱅⰹⱌⰰ y(d), y(t): y deuei y kythreul 'ⰱⱃⰰⰳ ⰻⰵ ⰴⱁⰾⰰⰸⰹⱁ'.
Ⱆ ⰸⰰⱂⱁⰱⰹⰻⰵⰴⱀⰹⰿ, ⱆⱂⰹⱅⱀⰹⰿ, ⰹ ⱀⰵⰳⰹⱃⰰⱀⰹⰿ ⱃⰵⱍⰵⱀⰹⱌⰰⰿⰰ y(d) ⱄⰵ ⰹⰸⱁⱄⱅⰰⰱⰾⰻⰰ: a wely di 'ⰱⰹⰴⰹⱎ ⰾⰹ?', ny welas 'ⱀⰹⰻⰵ ⰱⰹⰴⰹⱁ'; ⱅⰰⰽⱁⰼⰵⱃ ⱄⰵ ⰹⰸⱁⱄⱅⰰⰱⰾⰻⰰ ⰹⰸⰰ ⱃⰵⰾⰰⱅⰹⰱⱀⰵ ⱍⰵⱄⱅⰹⱌⰵ a ⰹ ⰹⰸⰰ ⱀⰵⰽⰹⱈ ⰱⰵⰸⱀⰹⰽⰰ: ef a doeth 'ⱁⱀ ⰻⰵ (ⱅⰰⰻ ⰽⱁⰻⰹ ⰻⰵ) ⰴⱁⱎⰰⱁ'; o gwely 'ⰰⰽⱁ ⰱⰹⰴⰹⱎ'.
Ⱂⱁⰴⱃⰹⰻⰵⱅⰾⱁ ⱍⰵⱄⱅⰹⱌⰵ yd ⱀⰹⰻⰵ ⱃⰰⰸⰻⰰⱎⱀⰻⰵⱀⱁ; E. Hamp (1979) ⰹⰸⰱⱁⰴⰹ ⰻⰵ ⰹⰸ ⰴⰱⰹⰻⰵ ⰰⰳⰾⱆⱅⰹⱀⰹⱃⰰⱀⰵ ⰹⰵ. ⱍⰵⱄⱅⰹⱌⰵ, *i-dhe.
§41 Ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⱄⰽⰵ ⰹⰿⰵⱀⰹⱌⰵ ⱁⰱⰹⱍⱀⱁ ⱄⱆ ⰻⰵⰴⱀⰰⰽⰵ ⰽⱁⱃⰹⰻⰵⱀⱆ ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⰰ:
ammeu 'ⱄⱆⰿⱀⰻⰰ, ⱄⱆⰿⱀⰻⰰⱅⰹ', diodef 'ⱂⰰⱅⱀⰻⰰ, ⱂⰰⱅⰹⱅⰹ', galw 'ⰸⱁⰱ, ⰸⰱⰰⱅⰹ', llad 'ⱆⰱⱁⰻⱄⱅⰱⱁ, ⱆⰱⰹⰻⰰⱅⰹ';
Ⱀⰵⰽⰵ ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⱄⰽⰵ ⰹⰿⰵⱀⰹⱌⰵ ⱅⰱⱁⱃⰵ ⱄⰵ ⱄⱆⱇⰹⰽⱄⰹⰿⰰ:
Ⱂⱁⱄⱅⱁⰻⰵ ⰹ ⰴⱃⱆⰳⰹ ⱄⱆⱇⰹⰽⱄⰹ (-et: cerdet 'ⰹⱋⰹ', yvet 'ⱂⰹⱅⰹ'; -el: caffael 'ⰴⱁⰱⰹⱅⰹ', gadael 'ⰴⱁⱂⱆⱄⱅⰹⱅⰹ', ⰹⱅⰴ.).
Ⰸⰰ ⱂⱁⰱⰹⰻⰵⱄⱀⱆ ⱅⰱⱁⱃⰱⱆ ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⱄⰽⰹⱈ ⰹⰿⰵⱀⰹⱌⰰ ⱆ ⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰿ ⰹ ⰴⱃⱆⰳⰹⰿ ⰱⱃⰹⱅⱄⰽⰹⰿ ⰻⰵⰸⰹⱌⰹⰿⰰ ⰱ. Schumacher 1998.
Ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⱄⰽⰵ ⰹⰿⰵⱀⰹⱌⰵ ⰿⱁⰳⱆ ⰸⰰⰿⰹⰻⰵⱀⰹⱅⰹ ⱌⰹⰻⰵⰾⱆ ⱃⰵⱍⰵⱀⰹⱌⱆ; ⰹⰿⰵⱀⰹⱌⰰ ⱆⰸ ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⱄⰽⱆ ⰹⰿⰵⱀⰹⱌⱆ ⰹⰿⰰ ⰸⱀⰰⱍⰵⱀⰻⰵ ⱁⰱⰻⰵⰽⱅⰰ ("ⰳⰵⱀⰹⱅⰹⰱ ⱁⰱⰻⰵⰽⱅⱀⰹ"), ⱀⰹⰽⰰⰴⰰ ⱄⱆⰱⰻⰵⰽⱅⰰ. Ⱃⱆⰱⰻⰵⰽⱅ ⱄⰵ ⰹⰸⱃⰹⱍⰵ ⱂⱃⰹⰻⰵⰴⰾⱁⰳⱁⰿ o 'ⱁⰴ':
| goresgyn | o | Gasswallawn | vab | Beli | Ynys | y | Kedyrn |
| ⱁⱄⰱⱁⰻⰹⱅⰹ(vn.) | ⱁⰴ | Ⰽ. | ⱄⰹⱀ | Ⰱ. | Ⱁⱅⱁⰽ | ⱍⰾ. | Ⰿⱁⱋⱀⰹ.pl. |
| (BVL 33.25) | |||||||
| "Ⰽⰰⱄⱄⰱⰰⰾⰾⰰⱆⱀⱁⰱⱁ ⱁⱄⰱⰰⰻⰰⱀⰻⰵ Ⱁⱅⱁⰽⰰ Ⰿⱁⱋⱀⰹⱈ = Ⰽⰰⱄⱄⰱⰰⰾⰾⰰⱆⱀ ⱄⰹⱀ Ⰱⰵⰾⰹⰻⰰ ⱁⱄⰱⱁⰻⰹⱁ ⰻⰵ Ⱁⱅⱁⰽ Ⰿⱁⱋⱀⰹⱈ" | |||||||
Ⱍⰵⱄⱅⱁ ⱆ ⱃⰵⱍⰵⱀⰹⱌⰹ ⱄⱅⱁⰻⰹ ⱄⰰⰿⱁ ⰻⰵⰴⰰⱀ ⰾⰹⱍⱀⰹ ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾ, ⰰ ⱄⰱⰵ ⰴⱃⱆⰳⰵ ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⰵ ⰸⰰⰿⰻⰵⱀⰻⱆⰻⰵ ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⱄⰽⰰ ⰹⰿⰵⱀⰹⱌⰰ (VN):
| Gwedy | daruot | yr | seith | wyr... | cladu | penn | Bendigeit | Uran... |
| ⱂⱁⱄⰾⰹⰻⰵ | ⰴⱁⰳⱁⰴⰹⱅⰹ ⱄⰵ.VN | ⱍⰾ. | 7 | ⱍⱁⰱⰻⰵⰽ.pl | ⱄⰻⰵⱋⰹ.VN | ⰳⰾⰰⰱⰰ | ⰱⰾⰰⰶⰵⱀⰹ | Ⰱⱃⰰⱀ |
| edrych | a | wnaeth | Manawydan | ar | y | dref | yn | Llundein... |
| ⰳⰾⰵⰴⰰⱅⰹ.VN | ⱍ. | ⱍⰹⱀⰹⱅⰹ.ⱂⱃⰵⱅ.3sg. | Ⰿⰰⱀⰰⰱⰹⰴⰰⱀ | ⱂⱃⰵⰿⰰ | ⱍⰾ. | ⰳⱃⰰⰴ | ⱍⰾ. | Ⰾⱁⱀⰴⱁⱀ |
| a | dodi | ucheneit | uawr |
| ⰹ | ⰴⱁⱋⰹ.VN | ⱅⱆⰳⰰ | ⰱⰵⰾⰹⰽ.f. |
| a | chymryt | diruawr | alar | a | hiraeth | yndaw |
| ⰹ | (ⱁⰱ)ⱆⰸⰵⱅⰹ.VN | ⰱⱃⰾⱁ.ⰱⰵⰾⰹⰽ | ⰱⱁⰾ | ⰹ | ⱍⰵⰶⱀⰻⰰ | ⱀⰰ.3sg.ⰿ. |
"Ⱂⱁⱎⱅⱁ ⱄⰵ ⰴⱁⰳⱁⰴⰹⰾⱁ ⰴⰰ ⱄⱆ (ⱁⱀⰰ) ⱄⰵⰴⰿⱁⱃⰹⱌⰰ ⰾⰻⱆⰴⰹ ⱁⰴⱄⰻⰵⰽⰾⰹ ⰳⰾⰰⰱⱆ Ⰱⰾⰰⰶⰵⱀⱁⰳⰰ Ⰱⱃⰰⱀⰰ, Ⰿⰰⱀⰰⰱⰹⰴⰰⱀ ⰻⰵ ⱂⱁⰳⰾⰵⰴⰰⱁ ⱂⱃⰵⰿⰰ ⰳⱃⰰⰴⱆ Ⰾⱁⱀⰴⱁⱀⱆ ⰹ ⰴⱁⱎⰾⰰ (ⰿⱆ) ⰻⰵ ⰱⰵⰾⰹⰽⰰ ⱅⱆⰳⰰ, ⰹ ⱁⰱⱆⰸⰵⰾⰰ ⰳⰰ ⰻⰵ ⰱⱃⰾⱁ ⰱⰵⰾⰹⰽⰰ ⰱⱁⰾ ⰹ ⱍⰵⰶⱀⰻⰰ."
§42 Ⱂⰰⱃⱅⰹⱌⰹⱂ ⱂⰰⱄⰹⰱⱀⱁⰳ ⱂⱃⰵⱅⰵⱃⰹⱅⰰ ⱅⰱⱁⱃⰹ ⱄⰵ ⱄⱆⱇⰹⰽⱄⱁⰿ -edic: arueu y gwyr llad-edic 'ⱁⱃⱆⰶⰻⰵ ⱆⰱⰹⰻⰵⱀⰹⱈ ⰾⰻⱆⰴⰹ'. Ⱂⰰⱃⱅⰹⱌⰹⱂ ⱄⰵ ⱀⰵ ⱄⰾⰰⰶⰵ ⱆ ⱃⱁⰴⱆ ⰹ ⰱⱃⱁⰻⱆ.
| Gwled | darparedic | oed | udunt |
| ⰳⱁⰸⰱⰰ(f.) | ⱂⱃⰹⱂⱃⰵⰿⰾⰻⰵⱀ | ⰱⰹⱅⰹ.3sg.ⱂⱃⰵⱅ. | ⰸⰰ.3pl. |
| "Gozba ⰻe bila pripremljena za njih" (MVL 37.6) | |||
Ⰳⰵⱃⱆⱀⰴⰹⰱ ⱄⰵ ⱅⰱⱁⱃⰹ ⱄⱆⱇⰹⰽⱄⱁⰿ -adwy: nyt credadwy 'ⱅⱁ ⱀⰹⰻⰵ ⰸⰰ ⰱⰻⰵⱃⱁⰱⰰⱅⰹ'.
§43 Ⱂⱃⰵⰸⰵⱀⱅ ⱄⰵ ⱆⱂⱁⱅⱃⰵⰱⰾⰻⰰⰱⰰ ⰹ ⰸⰰ ⰹⰸⱃⰹⱌⰰⱀⰻⰵ ⰱⱆⰴⱆⱋⱀⱁⱄⱅⰹ: y gyt y kerdwn odyma 'ⰸⰰⰻⰵⰴⱀⱁ ⱋⰵⰿⱁ ⱁⱅⰹⱋⰹ ⱁⰴⰰⰱⰴⰵ' (PPD 14.10). Ⰿⱁⰶⰵ ⱄⰵ ⱆⱂⱁⱅⱃⰹⰻⰵⰱⰹⱅⰹ ⰹ ⰽⰰⱁ ⱈⰹⱄⱅⱁⱃⰹⰻⱄⰽⰹ ⱂⱃⰵⰸⰵⱀⱅ.
Ⱀⰵⰽⰹ ⱄⱆ ⰰⱆⱅⱁⱃⰹ ⱅⰱⱃⰴⰹⰾⰹ (ⰱ. Morris Ⰻones 1913: 323) ⰴⰰ ⱂⱃⰵⰸⰵⱀⱅⱄⰽⰹ ⱀⰰⱄⱅⰰⰱⱌⰹ -hyt, -hit ⰹ -hawt ⱆ 3sg. ⱂⱃⰵⰸⰵⱀⱅⰰ ⰴⱁⰾⰰⰸⰵ ⰹⱄⰽⰾⰻⱆⱍⰹⰱⱁ ⱆ ⱇⱆⱅⱆⱃⱄⰽⱁⰿ ⰸⱀⰰⱍⰵⱀⰻⱆ, ⰹ ⱁⰴⱃⰰⰶⰰⰱⰰⰻⱆ ⱅⱃⰰⰳ ⱇⱆⱅⱆⱃⰰ ⱀⰰ *-āsa-ti ⱆ ⱃⰰⱀⱁⰿ ⱄⱃⰵⰴⱀⰻⰵⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰿ. Ⱂⱃⰵⰿⰴⰰ ⱅⰰ ⱂⱃⰵⱅⱂⱁⱄⱅⰰⰱⰽⰰ ⱁⱄⱅⰰⰻⰵ ⱄⱂⱁⱃⱀⱁⰿ, ⱍⰹⱀⰹ ⱄⰵ ⰴⰰ ⱂⱁⱄⱅⱁⰻⰵ ⱆⰱⰻⰵⱃⰾⰻⰹⰱⰹⰻⰰ ⱁⰱⰻⰰⱎⱀⰻⰵⱀⰻⰰ ⱄⱂⱁⰿⰵⱀⱆⱅⰹⱈ ⱀⰰⱄⱅⰰⰱⰰⰽⰰ, ⱅⰵ ⰴⰰ ⱆ ⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰿⰵ ⱀⰵⰿⰰ ⱀⰵⱂⱁⱄⱃⰵⰴⱀⰹⱈ ⱅⱃⰰⰳⱁⰱⰰ ⱇⱆⱅⱆⱃⱄⰽⰹⱈ ⱅⰱⱁⱃⰱⰹ (Schumacher 1995).
§44 Ⰹⰿⱂⰵⱃⱇⰵⰽⱅ ⱁⰸⱀⰰⱍⱆⰻⰵ ⱅⱃⰰⰻⱀⱆ ⱃⰰⰴⱀⰻⱆ ⱆ ⱂⱃⱁⱎⰾⱁⱄⱅⰹ, ⰽⰰⱅⰽⰰⰴⰰ ⱃⰰⰴⱀⰻⱆ ⰽⱁⰻⰰ ⱄⰵ ⱃⰵⰴⱁⰱⰹⱅⱁ ⱁⰱⰹⱍⰰⰱⰰⰾⰰ ⰱⱃⱎⰹⱅⰹ ⱆ ⱂⱃⱁⱎⰾⱁⱄⱅⰹ (ⰽⱁⱀⱄⱆⰵⱅⱆⰴⰹⱀⰰⰾ): a phob nos Calan mei y moei 'ⱄⰱⰰⰽⰵ ⱄⰵ ⱀⱁⱋⰹ ⱂⱃⰱⱁⰳⰰ Ⱃⰱⰹⰱⱀⰻⰰ (ⱁⱀⰰ) ⱁⰱⰹⱍⰰⰱⰰⰾⰰ ⱁⰶⰴⱃⰹⰻⰵⰱⰹⱅⰹ' (PPD 16.18). Ⰹⰿⱂⰵⱃⱇⰵⰽⱅ ⱄⰵ ⱆⱂⱁⱅⱃⰵⰱⰾⰻⰰⰱⰰ ⰹ ⰽⰰⱁ ⰽⱁⱀⰴⰹⱌⰹⱁⱀⰰⰾ (ⱁⰱⰾⰹⱌⰹ ⱄⰵ ⱀⰵ ⱃⰰⰸⰾⰹⰽⱆⰻⱆ). Ⰽⰰⱁ ⰽⱁⱀⰴⰹⱌⰹⱁⱀⰰⰾ, ⰹⰿⱂⰵⱃⱇⰵⰽⱅ ⱄⰵ ⱆⱂⱁⱅⱃⰵⰱⰾⰻⰰⰱⰰ ⱆ ⱂⱁⰳⱁⰴⰱⰵⱀⰹⰿ ⱃⰵⱍⰵⱀⰹⱌⰰⰿⰰ.
§45 Ⱂⱃⰵⱅⰵⱃⰹⱅ ⰻⰵ ⱀⰰⰻⱍⰵⱎⱋⰵ ⱂⱃⱁⱎⰾⱁ ⰱⱃⰹⰻⰵⰿⰵ; ⱂⰾⱆⱄⰽⰱⰰⰿⱂⰵⱃⱇⰵⰽⱅ ⱄⰵ ⱆⱂⱁⱅⱃⰵⰱⰾⰻⰰⰱⰰ ⰸⰰ ⱃⰰⰴⱀⰻⱆ ⰽⱁⰻⰰ ⰻⰵ ⱂⱃⰵⱅⱈⱁⰴⰹⰾⰰ ⱃⰰⰴⱀⰻⰹ ⱆ ⱂⱃⱁⱎⰾⱁⱄⱅⰹ: ⱁ'r a welsei ef o helgwn y byt, ny welsei cwn un lliw ac wynt 'ⱁⰴ ⱄⰱⰹⱈ ⱂⰰⱄⰰ ⱀⰰ ⱄⰱⰹⰻⰵⱅⱆ ⰽⱁⰻⰵ ⰻⰵ ⰱⰹⱁ ⰱⰹⰴⰹⱁ, ⱀⰹⰻⰵ ⰱⰹⰴⰹⱁ ⱂⱄⰵ ⱅⰰⰽⰱⰵ ⰱⱁⰻⰵ (ⱂⱁⱂⱆⱅ ⱀⰻⰹⱈ)' (PPD 1.19-20).
Ⱃⱃⰵⰴⱀⰻⰵⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⰹ ⱂⱃⰵⱅⰵⱃⰹⱅ ⱁⰴⰳⱁⰱⰰⱃⰰ ⱄⱅⰰⱃⱁⰹⱃⱄⰽⱁⰿ s-ⱂⱃⰵⱅⰵⱃⰹⱅⱆ; ⱃⰹⰻⰵⱅⰽⰹ ⱄⱆ ⱁⰱⰾⰹⱌⰹ ⱃⰵⰴⱆⱂⰾⰹⱌⰹⱃⰰⱀⱁⰳⰰ ⱂⱃⰵⱅⰵⱃⰹⱅⰰ (ⱁⰴ ⰹⰵ. ⱂⰵⱃⱇⰵⰽⱅⰰ), ⱀⱂⱃ. cigleu 'ⱍⱆⱁ ⱄⰰⰿ' < *ku-k'low- (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. -cúala).
§46 Ⰽⱁⱀⰻⱆⱀⰽⱅⰹⰱ ⱄⰵ ⱁⰱⰹⱍⱀⱁ ⱆⱂⱁⱅⱃⰵⰱⰾⰻⰰⰱⰰ ⱆ ⰸⰰⰱⰹⱄⱀⰹⰿ ⱃⰵⱍⰵⱀⰹⱌⰰⰿⰰ, ⰽⰰⰴⰰ ⰱⱃⱎⰵⱀⰻⰵ ⱃⰰⰴⱀⰻⰵ ⱀⰹⰻⰵ ⱄⰹⰳⱆⱃⱀⱁ (ⰹⰾⰹ ⰽⰰⰴ ⰻⰵ ⱄⰰⰿⱁ ⰿⱁⰳⱆⱋⰵ): ni wnn i neb a'e gwypo 'ⱀⰵ ⰸⱀⰰⰿ ⱀⰹⰽⱁⰳⰰ ⱅⰽⱁ ⰱⰹ ⱅⱁ ⰸⱀⰰⱁ (gwypo)'. Ⱆⰱⰹⰻⰵⰽ ⱄⰵ ⱆⱂⱁⱅⱃⰵⰱⰾⰻⰰⰱⰰ ⰹⰸⰰ ⱀⰵⰽⰹⱈ ⰱⰵⰸⱀⰹⰽⰰ, ⱀⱂⱃ. ⰹⰸⰰ cyn 'ⰹⰰⰽⱁ':
| a | chyn | gwnel | gameu | it... | ny | buost | ti | hawlwr | tir |
| ⰹ | ⰹⰰⰽⱁ | ⱍⰹⱀⰹⱅⰹ.ⰽⱁⱀⰻ.ⱂⱃⰵⰸ.3sg. | ⰸⰾⱁ.pl. | ⰽ.2sg. | ⱀⰵ | ⰱⰹⱅⰹ.ⱂⱃⰵⱅ.2sg. | ⱅⰹ | ⱅⱃⰰⰶⰹⰾⰰⱌ | ⰸⰵⰿⰾⰻⰰ |
| (MVL 10-11) | |||||||||
| "ⰹ ⰹⰰⰽⱁ ⱅⰹ ⰻⰵ ⱁⱀ ⱆⱍⰹⱀⰹⱁ ⰸⰾⰰ, ⱅⰹ ⱀⰹⱄⰹ ⰱⰹⱁ ⱅⱃⰰⰶⰹⰾⰰⱌ ⰸⰵⰿⰾⰻⰵ (= ⱅⰹ ⱀⰹⱄⰹ ⱅⱃⰰⰶⰹⱁ ⰸⰵⰿⰾⰻⱆ)" | |||||||||
Ⰽⱁⱀⰻⱆⱀⰽⱅⰹⰱ ⱄⰵ ⰿⱁⰶⰵ ⱆⱂⱁⱅⱃⰹⰻⰵⰱⰹⱅⰹ ⰹ ⰰⰴⱈⱁⱃⱅⰰⱅⰹⰱⱀⱁ (ⰸⰰ ⱂⱁⱅⰹⱌⰰⰻ): A dyvot a wnelych genhyf 'Ⰹ ⰴⱁⰼⰹ ⱄⰰ ⰿⱀⱁⰿ'.
§47 Ⱆ ⱄⱃⰵⰴⱀⰻⰵⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰿ ⱂⱁⱄⱅⱁⰻⰹ ⱄⰰⰿⱁ ⰻⰵⰴⱀⰰ, ⱂⱃⰰⰱⰹⰾⱀⰰ ⰽⱁⱀⰻⱆⰳⰰⱌⰹⰻⰰ; ⱄⰱⰹ ⱄⰵ ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⰹ, ⰽⱁⰻⰹ ⱁⰴⱄⱅⱆⱂⰰⰻⱆ ⱁⰴ ⰽⱁⱀⰻⱆⰳⰰⱌⰹⰻⱄⰽⱁⰳ ⱁⰱⱃⰰⱄⱌⰰ ⱅⰵ ⰽⱁⱀⰻⱆⰳⰰⱌⰹⰻⰵ, ⰿⱁⰳⱆ ⱄⰿⰰⱅⱃⰰⱅⰹ ⱀⰵⱂⱃⰰⰱⰹⰾⱀⰹⰿⰰ.
caru "ⰱⱁⰾⰻⰵⱅⰹ"| sg. | pl. | |
| 1. | car-af | car-wn |
| 2. | cer-i, cer-y | cer-wch |
| 3. | car | car-ant |
| ⱂⰰⱄⰹⰱ | cer-ir | |
| sg. | pl. | |
| 1. | car-wn | car-em |
| 2. | car-ut | car-ewch |
| 3. | car-ei | cer-ynt |
| ⱂⰰⱄⰹⰱ | cer-it | |
| sg. | pl. | |
| 1. | cereis | carass-am |
| 2. | cereis-t | carass-awch |
| 3. | cer-awd | carass-ant |
| ⱂⰰⱄⰹⰱ | car-at | |
| 1. | carass-wn |
| 2. | carass-ut |
| 3. | carass-ei |
| ⱂⰰⱄⰹⰱ | carass-it |
| sg. | pl. | |
| 1. | car-wn | |
| 2. | car | car-wch |
| 3. | car-et | car-ent |
| sg. | pl. | |
| 1. | carh-wyf | carh-om |
| 2. | cerch-ych | carh-och |
| 3. | carh-wy, carh-o | carh-wynt, carh-ont |
| ⱂⰰⱄⰹⰱ | carh-er | |
| sg. | pl. | |
| 1. | carh-wn | carh-em |
| 2. | cerch-ut | carh-ewch |
| 3. | carh-ei | carh-ynt |
| ⱂⰰⱄⰹⰱ | cerh-it | |
Ⰽⱁⱂⱆⰾⰰ ⱄⰵ ⰿⱁⰶⰵ ⱂⱁⰱⰵⰸⰰⱅⰹ ⱄ ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⱄⰽⱁⰿ ⰹⰿⰵⱀⰹⱌⱁⰿ ⰹ ⱂⱃⰹⰻⰵⰴⰾⱁⰳⱁⰿ ⱆ ⱂⰵⱃⰹⱇⱃⰰⱄⱅⰹⱍⱀⰵ ⰽⱁⱀⱄⱅⱃⱆⰽⱌⰹⰻⰵ ⰸⰰ ⰹⰸⱃⰹⱌⰰⱀⰻⰵ 1) ⰴⱆⱃⰰⱅⰹⰱⰰ ⰹ 2) ⱂⰵⱃⱇⰵⰽⱅⰰ.
| Yn | hela | yd | oedwn | yn | Iwerdon | dydgueith |
| ⱂⱃⰵⱂ. | ⰾⱁⰱⰹⱅⰹ (vn.) | ⱍ. | cop.3sg.ⰹⱂⱇ. | ⱂⱃⰵⱂ. | Ⰹⱃⱄⰽⰰ | ⰻⰵⰴⱀⱁⰳ.ⰴⰰⱀⰰ |
| (BVL 25.33) | ||||||
| "Ⰻⰵⰴⱀⱁⰳⰰ ⰴⰰⱀⰰ ⰱⰹⱁ ⱄⰰⰿ ⱆ ⰾⱁⰱⱆ ⱆ Ⰹⱃⱄⰽⱁⰻ" / "Ⰻⰵⰴⱀⱁⰳⰰ ⱄⰰⰿ ⰴⰰⱀⰰ ⰾⱁⰱⰹⱁ ⱆ Ⰹⱃⱄⰽⱁⰻ" | ||||||
| A | pha | rywweith, | arglwyd, | yd | wyt | yn | y | wneuthur? |
| ⰹ | ⰽⱁⰻⰰ | ⱄⱅⰱⰰⱃ | ⰳⱁⱄⱂⱁⰴⰹⱀ | ⱍ. | cop.2sg.ⱂⱃⰵⰸ. | ⱂⱃⰵⱂ. | ⱁⰱⰻ.ⰸⰰⰿⰻ. | ⱍⰹⱀⰹⱅⰹ(vn.) |
| (MVL 45.32-33) | ||||||||
| "Ⰰ ⱎⱅⱁ ⱅⰹ ⱅⱁ ⱃⰰⰴⰹⱎ, ⰳⱁⱄⱂⱁⰴⰹⱀⰵ?" | ||||||||
| Y | mae | gwedy | mynet | gyd | a | Gwenhwyvar | y | hystavell |
| ⱍ. | cop.3sg.ⱂⱃⰵⰸ. | ⱂⱃⰵⱂ. | ⰹⱋⰹ (vn.) | ⱂⱃⰵⱂ. | ⰹ | Ⰳ. | ⱂⱃⰵⱂ. | ⱄⱁⰱⰰ |
| (Evans 111) | ||||||||
| "Ⱁⱅⰹⱎⰾⰰ ⰻⰵ (ⰱⰵⱋ) ⱄ Ⰳⰱⰹⱀⰹⰱⰵⱃ ⱆ ⱄⱁⰱⱆ". | ||||||||
§48 Ⱆ ⱄⱃⰵⰴⱀⰻⱁⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰿ ⱂⱁⱄⱅⱁⰻⰹ ⱄⰰⰿⱁ ⰻⰵⰴⰰⱀ ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾ ⱄⰰ ⰸⱀⰰⱍⰵⱀⰻⰵⰿ "ⰱⰹⱅⰹ"; ⱀⰵⰿⰰ ⱃⰰⰸⰾⰹⰽⰵ ⰹⰸⰿⰵⰼⱆ ⰽⱁⱂⱆⰾⰵ ⰹ ⱄⱆⱂⱄⱅⰰⱀⱅⰹⰱⱀⱁⰳⰰ ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⰰ.
bot, bod 'ⰱⰹⱅⰹ'| sg. | pl. | |
| 1. | wyf, oef | ym |
| 2. | wyt | ych |
| 3. | yw, mae, oes | ynt, maent |
| ⰿⰵⰴⰹⱁⱂⰰⱄⰹⰱ | ys (ⱂⱃⰵⰱⱁⰴⰹ ⱄⰵ ⱆ ⰸⱀⰰⱍⰵⱀⰻⱆ 'ⰹⰿⰰ') | |
Ⱁⰱⰾⰹⰽ mae ⱍⰵⱄⱅⱁ ⰸⱀⰰⱍⰹ "ⰳⰴⰻⰵ ⰻⰵ?": "Mae, heb hi, dy gedymdeith ti ath gwn?" (MVL 41.26) "Ⰳⰴⰻⰵ ⰻⰵ, ⱃⰵⱍⰵ ⱁⱀⰰ, ⱅⰱⱁⰻ ⱂⱃⰹⰻⰰⱅⰵⰾⰻ ⰹ ⱅⰱⱁⰻⰹ ⱂⱄⰹ?"
Ⱂⱁⰴⱃⰹⰻⰵⱅⰾⱁⰿ ⱄⰵ ⱁⰱⰾⰹⰽ mae ⱄⰰⱄⱅⱁⰻⰹ ⱁⰴ ⱁⰽⰰⰿⰵⱀⰻⰵⱀⱁⰳ ⰾⱁⰽⰰⱅⰹⰱⰰ ⰻⰵⰴⱀⰹⱀⰵ ⰹⰿⰵⱀⰹⱌⰵ *magos 'ⱂⱁⰾⰻⰵ' > velš. ma 'ⰿⰻⰵⱄⱅⱁ' ⰹ ⰽⱁⱂⱆⰾⰵ *est(i): *mages-est > *maes > mae (Hamp 1985).
Ⱁⰱⰾⰹⰽ yssydd ⰹⰿⰰ ⱃⰵⰾⰰⱅⰹⰱⱀⱁ ⰸⱀⰰⱍⰵⱀⰻⰵ (ⱂⱃⰵⰱⱁⰴⰹ ⱄⰵ ⱁⰴⱀⱁⱄⱀⱁⰿ ⰽⱁⱀⱄⱅⱃⱆⰽⱌⰹⰻⱁⰿ 'ⰽⱁⰻⰹ (ⰽⱁⰻⰰ, ⰽⱁⰻⰵ) ⰻⰵ'.
Ⱂⱁⰴⱆⰴⰰⱃⱀⰹ ⱁⰱⰾⰹⰽ ⱆ ⱄⱅⰰⱃⱁⰹⱃⱄⰽⱁⰿ ⰳⰾⰰⱄⰹ as < kelt. *esti-yo- (ⰳⰴⰻⰵ ⰻⰵ *yo- ⱁⱄⱀⱁⰱⰰ ⰹⰵ. ⱁⰴⱀⱁⱄⱀⰵ ⰸⰰⰿⰻⰵⱀⰹⱌⰵ).
Ⰽⱁⱂⱆⰾⰰ ⰹⰿⰰ ⰹ ⱁⱄⱁⰱⰹⱅ ⰽⱁⱀⱄⱆⰵⱅⱆⰴⰹⱀⰰⰾⱀⰹ ⱂⱃⰵⰸⰵⱀⱅ, ⰽⱁⰻⰹ ⱄⰾⱆⰶⰹ ⰹ ⰽⰰⱁ ⱇⱆⱅⱆⱃ:
| sg. | pl. | |
| 1. | bydaf | bydwn |
| 2. | bydy | bydwch |
| 3. | byd, bit | bydant, bwyant, bint |
| sg. | pl. | |
| 1. | oedwn | oedem |
| 2. | oedut | oedewch |
| 3. | oed | oedynt |
| sg. | pl. | |
| 1. | buum, bum | buam |
| 2. | buost | buawch |
| 3. | bu | buant, buont |
| sg. | pl. | |
| 1. | bwyf, bof | bom |
| 2. | bych, bwyr | boch |
| 3. | bo, boent | bont, bon, bwynt |
| sg. | pl. | |
| 1. | bewn | beym |
| 2. | beut, behut | ?bewch |
| 3. | bei, pei | beynt |
| sg. | pl. | |
| 1. | bydwn | |
| 2. | byd | bydwch |
| 3. | bit, boet, poet | boent, bint, bwynt |
§49 Ⱃⰾⰹⰻⰵⰴⰹ ⰹⰸⰱⱁⱃ ⱀⰰⰻⱍⰵⱎⱋⰹⱈ ⱀⰵⱂⱃⰰⰱⰹⰾⱀⰹⱈ ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⰰ:
gwneuthur 'ⱍⰹⱀⰹⱅⰹ'| sg. | pl. | |
| 1. | gwnaf | gwnawn |
| 2. | gwney | gwnewch |
| 3. | gwna | gwnant |
| ⱂⰰⱄⰹⰱ | gwneir | |
| sg. | pl. | |
| 1. | gwnawn | gwnaem |
| 2. | gwnaut | gwnaewch |
| 3. | gwnaei | gwnaent |
| ⱂⰰⱄⰹⰱ | gwneit | |
| sg. | pl. | |
| 1. | gorugum, gwneuthum | gorugam, ganaetham |
| 2. | gorugost, gwnaethost | gwnaethawch |
| 3. | goruc, gwnaeth | gorugant, gwnaethant |
| ⱂⰰⱄⰹⰱ | gorucpwyt | |
gwybot 'ⰸⱀⰰⱅⰹ'
| sg. | pl. | |
| 1. | gwnn | gwdam |
| 2. | gwydost | gwydawch |
| 3. | gwyr | gwydant |
| ⱂⰰⱄⰹⰱ | gwys | |
Ⱁⰱⰾⰹⰽ gwyr ⱁⱄⱅⰰⱅⰰⰽ ⰻⰵ ⰽⰵⰾⱅⱄⰽⰵ (ⰹ ⰹⱀⰴⱁⰵⱆⱃⱁⱂⱄⰽⰵ) ⰴⰵⱂⱁⱀⰵⱀⱅⱀⰵ ⰽⱁⱀⰻⱆⰳⰰⱌⰹⰻⰵ ⱆ ⱄⱃⰵⰴⱀⰻⰵⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰿ, ⱆⱄⱂ. ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. ro-fitir 'ⰸⱀⰰ'.
| sg. | pl. | |
| 1. | gwydwn | gwydem |
| 2. | gwydut | |
| 3. | gwydat | gwydynt |
| sg. | pl. | |
| 1. | gwybydaf | |
| 2. | gwybydy | gwybydwch |
| 3. | gwybyd | gwybydant |
| sg. | pl. | |
| 1. | gwybuum | |
| 2. | gwybuost | |
| 3. | gwybu | gwybuant |
dyvot 'ⰴⱁⱋⰹ'
| sg. | pl. | |
| 1. | deuaf | deuwn, down |
| 2. | deuy, doy | deuwch |
| 3. | daw | deuant, doant |
| sg. | pl. | |
| 1. | deuthum | doetham,dybuant |
| 2. | deuthost, dyvuost | doethawch |
| 3. | doeth, dybu, dyvu | deuthant, dybuant, dyvuant |
Ⱁⰱⰰⰻ ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾ ⱅⰱⱁⱃⰹ ⱄⱆⱂⰾⰵⱅⰹⰱⱀⰵ ⱁⰱⰾⰹⰽⰵ ⰽⱁⱀⰻ. ⱂⱃⰵⰸⰵⱀⱅⰰ ⱁⰴ ⱁⱄⱀⱁⰱⰵ del(h)- (1sg. delhwyf, 2. sg. delhych, 3sg. del, ⰹⱅⰴ.).
mynet 'ⰹⱋⰹ'
| sg. | pl. | |
| 1. | af | awn |
| 2. | ey | ewch |
| 3. | agit, eyt | aant, ant |
| ⰿⰵⰴⰹⱁⱂⰰⱄⰹⰱ | eir | |
| sg. | pl. | |
| 1. | eithum | aetham |
| 2. | aethost | aethawch |
| 3. | aeth | aethont |
| ⰿⰵⰴⰹⱁⱂⰰⱄⰹⰱ | aethpwyt | |
| sg. | pl. | |
| 1. | el(h)wyf | el(h)om |
| 2. | el(h)ych | el(h)och |
| 3. | el | el(h)wynt |
| ⰿⰵⰴⰹⱁⱂⰰⱄⰹⰱ | elher | |
| sg. | pl. | |
| 1. | awn | |
| 2. | dos | ewch |
| 3. | aet | aent |
rodi 'ⰴⰰⱅⰹ'
Ⰽⱁⰴ ⱁⰱⱁⰳ ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⰰ ⱄⰿⰻⰵⱀⰻⱆⰻⱆ ⱄⰵ ⱁⰱⰾⰹⱌⰹ ⱄ rod- ⰹ ro-: 2sg. ⱂⱃⰵⰸ. rody, roy, ⰹⰿⱂⰵⱃⰰⱅⰹⰱ ro, ⱂⱃⰵⱅⰵⱃⰹⱅ rodeis/roesum rodes/roes
caffael, cael 'ⱆⰸⰵⱅⰹ'
Ⰽⱁⰴ ⱁⰱⱁⰳ ⱄⰵ ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⰰ ⱄⰿⰻⰵⱀⰻⱆⰻⰵ ⱁⱄⱀⱁⰱⰰ caff- ⰹ cei-: ⱂⱃⰵⰸ. caffaf/caf, ceffy/cehy, ceiff/cey.
heb 'ⱃⰵⱋⰹ'
Ⱁⰱⰰⰻ ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾ ⰹⰿⰰ ⱄⰰⰿⱁ ⱂⱃⰵⱅⰵⱃⰹⱅⰰⰾⱀⰹ ⱁⰱⰾⰹⰽ heb 3sg. = 3pl.
Ⰿⰰⰾⱁⰱⱃⱁⰻⱀⰹ ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⰹ ⱆ ⱂⱃⰵⱅⰵⱃⰹⱅⱆ ⰹⰿⰰⰻⱆ ⱁⱍⱆⰱⰰⱀ ⱂⱃⰹⰻⰵⰱⱁⰻ, ⱀⱂⱃ. ⱂⱃⰵⰸⰵⱀⱅ gwared 'ⱅⱃⱍⰹ' < *wo-ret- (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. rethid), ⱂⱃⰵⱅⰵⱃⰹⱅ gwarawd < *wo-rāt- (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. ráith), ⰹⰾⰹ ⱂⱃⰵⰸ. dywed 'ⰽⰰⰶⰵ': ⱂⱃⰵⱅ. dywawd.
§50 Ⱆⱁⰱⰹⱍⰰⰻⰵⱀⰹ ⰻⰵ ⱂⱁⱃⰵⰴⰰⰽ ⱃⰹⰻⰵⱍⰹ ⱆ ⱂⱁⰵⰸⰹⰻⰹ V S O:
Cyrchasant wŷr din 'ⰾⰻⱆⰴⰹ ⱄⱆ ⱀⰰⱂⰰⰾⰹ ⱅⰱⱃⰼⰰⰱⱆ'
Ⱆ ⱂⱃⱁⰸⰹ ⰻⰵ ⱆⱍⰵⱄⱅⰰⰾⰹⰻⰹ ⱂⱁⱃⰵⰴⰰⰽ S V O:
Gwŷr a gyrchasant din 'ⰾⰻⱆⰴⰹ ⱄⱆ ⱀⰰⱂⰰⰾⰹ ⱅⰱⱃⰼⰰⰱⱆ'
Ⱅⰰⰻ ⰻⰵ ⱂⱁⱃⰵⰴⰰⰽ ⰸⰰⱂⱃⰰⰱⱁ ⱅⱁⱂⰹⰽⰰⰾⰹⰸⰹⱃⰰⱀⰰ ⰽⱁⱀⱄⱅⱃⱆⰽⱌⰹⰻⰰ ⱆ ⰽⱁⰻⱁⰻ ⰻⰵ ⱄⱆⰱⰻⰵⰽⱅ ⱆⰻⰵⰴⱀⱁ ⰹ ⱅⰵⰿⰰ ⱃⰵⱍⰵⱀⰹⱌⰵ (ⰱ. §58).
Ⰰⰽⱁ ⰻⰵ ⱀⰵⰽⰹ ⰴⰹⱁ ⱃⰵⱍⰵⱀⰹⱌⰵ ⱁⱄⱁⰱⰹⱅⱁ ⰹⱄⱅⰰⰽⱀⱆⱅ, ⰿⱁⰶⰵ ⰴⱁⱋⰹ ⱀⰰ ⱂⱁⱍⰵⱅⰰⰽ ⱃⰵⱍⰵⱀⰹⱌⰵ:
yn lletratta arnaf y keueis i ef, a chyfreith lleidyr a wnaf inheu ac ef: y grogi
(MVL: 45.21-22)
"Ⱆⱈⰱⰰⱅⰹⱁ ⱄⰰⰿ ⰳⰰ ⰽⰰⰽⱁ ⰽⱃⰰⰴⰵ ⱁⰴ ⰿⰵⱀⰵ ⰹ ⰽⰰⰸⱀⰹⱅ ⱋⱆ ⰳⰰ ⰽⰰⰸⱀⱁⰿ ⰸⰰ ⰽⱃⰰⰼⱆ, ⰱⰻⰵⱎⰰⱀⰻⰵⰿ", ⰴⱁⱄⰾ. "Ⱆ ⰽⱃⰰⰼⰹ ⱁⰴ ⰿⰵⱀⰵ ⱄⰰⰿ ⰳⰰ ⱆⱈⰱⰰⱅⰹⱁ, ⰹ ⰽⰰⰸⱀⱆ ⰽⱃⰰⰴⰾⰻⰹⰱⰰⱌⰰ ⱋⱆ ⰿⱆ ⱆⱍⰹⱀⰹⱅⰹ: ⰱⰻⰵⱎⰰⱀⰻⰵ"
Ⰴⰰⰾⰻⰹ ⱁⰱⰻⰵⰽⱅ ⱄⱅⱁⰻⰹ ⰹⰸⰰ ⰴⰹⱃⰵⰽⱅⱀⱁⰳ ⱁⰱⰻⰵⰽⱅⰰ:
| ac | y | rodes | y | peir | y | minheu |
| ⰹ | ⱍ. | ⰴⰰⱅⰹ.3sg.ⱂⱃⰵⱅ. | ⱍⰾ. | ⰽⱁⱅⰰⱁ | ⱂⱃⰵⱂ. | ⰻⰰ |
| (BVL 27.1-2) | ||||||
| "Ⰹ ⰴⰰⱁ ⰿⰹ ⰻⰵ ⰽⱁⱅⰰⱁ" | ||||||
§51 Ⰽⱁⱂⱆⰾⰰ ⱄⰾⰹⰻⰵⰴⰹ ⰹⰸⰰ ⱂⱃⰵⰴⰹⰽⰰⱅⰰ: Cop. Pred. S: Lunet wyf i 'ⰻⰰ ⱄⰰⰿ Ⰾⱆⱀⰵⱅ'
Ⱆ ⱆⱂⰹⱅⱀⰹⰿ, ⰸⰰⱂⱁⰱⰹⰻⰵⰴⱀⰹⰿ ⰹ ⱀⰵⰳⰹⱃⰰⱀⰹⰿ ⱃⰵⱍⰵⱀⰹⱌⰰⰿⰰ ⱄ ⰽⱁⱂⱆⰾⱁⰿ ⱂⱁⱃⰵⰴⰰⰽ ⰻⰵ Pred. Cop.: a wyt uorwyn di 'ⰻⰵⱄⰹ ⰾⰹ ⰴⰻⰵⰱⰹⱌⰰ?' (MVM 56.11); a vo penn bit bont 'ⱀⰵⰽⰰ ⱁⱀⰰⰻ ⱅⰽⱁ ⰻⰵ ⰳⰾⰰⰱⰰ ⰱⱆⰴⰵ ⰿⱁⱄⱅ' (BVL 29.33).
§52 Ⱂⱃⰹⰴⰻⰵⰱⰹ ⱄⱅⱁⰻⰵ ⰹⰸⰰ ⰹⰿⰵⱀⰹⱌⰰ (N-Adⰻ.): dyn doeth 'ⰿⱆⰴⰰⱃ ⱍⱁⰱⰻⰵⰽ'; ⱀⰵⰽⰹ ⱁⱄⱁⰱⰹⱅⱁ ⱍⰵⱄⱅⰹ ⱂⱃⰹⰴⰻⰵⰱⰹ ⱄⱅⱁⰻⰵ ⰹⱄⱂⱃⰵⰴ ⰹⰿⰵⱀⰹⱌⰰ (Adⰻ.-N), ⰽⱁⰻⰵ ⰾⰵⱀⰹⱃⰰⰻⱆ; ⱆ ⱅⰰⰽⰱⱁⰻ ⰽⱁⱀⱄⱅⱃⱆⰽⱌⰹⰻⰹ ⰹⰿⰵⱀⰹⱌⰰ ⱍⰵⱄⱅⱁ ⰿⱁⰴⰹⱇⰹⱌⰹⱃⰰ ⰸⱀⰰⱍⰵⱀⰻⰵ ⱂⱃⰹⰴⰻⰵⰱⰰ: bychan y gorff 'ⰿⰰⰾⱁⰳⰰ ⱅⰹⰻⰵⰾⰰ'.
§53 Ⱃⰵⰾⰰⱅⰹⰱⱀⰰ ⱃⰵⱍⰵⱀⰹⱌⰰ ⱄⱅⱁⰻⰹ ⰹⰸⰰ ⰹⰿⰵⱀⰹⱌⰵ ⱀⰰ ⰽⱁⰻⱆ ⱄⰵ ⱁⰴⱀⱁⱄⰹ: N - Rel: afal a gwympodd 'ⰻⰰⰱⱆⰽⰰ ⰽⱁⰻⰰ ⰻⰵ ⱂⰰⰾⰰ'
Ⱃⰵⰾⰰⱅⰹⰱⱀⰰ ⱄⰵ ⱃⰵⱍⰵⱀⰹⱌⰰ ⰽⱁⱀⱄⱅⱃⱆⰹⱃⰰ ⱄ ⱍⰵⱄⱅⰹⱌⱁⰿ a: pechodeu a gyffeser 'ⰳⱃⰹⰻⰵⱄⰹ ⰽⱁⰻⰹ ⱄⰵ ⰹⱄⱂⱁⰱⰹⰻⰵⰴⰰⰻⱆ'.
Ⱆⰸ ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⰵ ⰳⱁⰱⱁⱃⰵⱀⰻⰰ (verba dicendi) ⱍⰵⱄⱅⱁ ⱄⰵ ⱆⱂⱁⱅⱃⰵⰱⰾⰻⰰⰱⰰ ⱃⰵⰾⰰⱅⰹⰱⱀⰰ ⱃⰵⱍⰵⱀⰹⱌⰰ:
| ac | a | wnn, | mi | ae | managaf | yti |
| ⰹ | ⱃⰵⰾ.ⱍ. | ⰸⱀⰰⱅⰹ.1sg.ⱂⱃⰵⰸ. | ⰻⰰ | ⱍ+ⱁⰱⰻ.ⰸⰰⰿⰻ. | ⱂⱃⰹⱍⰰⱅⰹ.1sg.ⱂⱃⰵⰸ. | ⰽ.3sg.ⰿ. |
| (BVL 25.32) | ||||||
| "Ⰹ ⰹⱄⱂⱃⰹⱍⰰⱅ ⱋⱆ ⱅⰹ ⱎⱅⱁ ⰸⱀⰰⰿ" | ||||||
Ⰰⰽⱁ ⱄⰵ ⱃⰵⰾⰰⱅⰹⰱⰹⰸⰹⱃⰰ ⱂⱁⱄⰱⱁⰻⱀⰹ ⱁⰴⱀⱁⱄ, ⰹⰸⰰ ⰰ ⱄⰾⰹⰻⰵⰴⰹ ⱍⰹⱅⰰⰱ ⱂⱁⱄⰱⱁⰻⱀⰹ ⰹⰸⱃⰰⰸ (ⱄ ⱂⱁⱄⰱⱁⰻⱀⰹⰿ ⰸⰰⰿⰻⰵⱀⰹⱌⰰⰿⰰ ⰹ ⰳⰾⰰⰱⱁⰿ ⱃⰵⰾⰰⱅⰹⰱⱀⰵ ⰽⱁⱀⱄⱅⱃⱆⰽⱌⰹⰻⰵ):
| mab | teir-blwyd, | a | vei | vawr | y | dwf |
| ⰴⰻⰵⱍⰰⰽ | 3-ⰳⱁⰴⰹⱀⰵ | ⱃⰵⰾ.ⱍ. | ⰱⰹⱅⰹ.ⰹⱂⱇ.3sg. | ⰱⰵⰾⰹⰽ | ⱍⰾ. | ⱃⰰⱄⱅ |
| (PPD 17.23) | ||||||
| "ⰴⰻⰵⱍⰰⰽ ⱁⰴ ⱅⱃⰹ ⰳⱁⰴⰹⱀⰵ, ⱍⰹⰻⰹ ⰻⰵ ⱃⰰⱄⱅ ⰱⰹⱁ ⰱⰵⰾⰹⰽ (ⰱⰵⰾⰹⰽⱁⰳⰰ ⱃⰰⱄⱅⰰ)", ⰴⱁⱄⰾⱁⰱⱀⱁ 'ⱅⰰⰽⰰⰱ ⰴⰰ ⰻⰵ ⰱⰵⰾⰹⰽ ⰱⰹⱁ ⱀⰻⰵⰳⱁⰱ ⱃⰰⱄⱅ'. | ||||||
Ⱍⰵⱄⱅⰹⱌⰰ ⰰ ⰿⱁⰶⰵ ⱄⰵ ⰹⰸⱁⱄⱅⰰⰱⰹⱅⰹ ⰹⱄⱂⱃⰵⰴ ⱁⰱⰾⰹⰽⰰ ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⰰ 'ⰱⰹⱅⰹ': sef ymdidan vu 'ⰵⰱⱁ ⱃⰰⰸⰳⱁⰱⱁⱃⰰ ⰽⱁⰻⰹ ⰻⰵ ⰱⰹⱁ'.
Ⱀⰵⰳⰰⱌⰹⰻⰰ ⱆ ⱃⰵⰾⰰⱅⰹⰱⱀⱁⰻ ⱃⰵⱍⰵⱀⰹⱌⰹ ⰻⰵ ny:
| pechodeu | ny | wneler | yr | eilweith |
| ⰳⱃⰹⰻⰵⱈ.pl. | ⱀⰵ | ⱍⰹⱀⰹⱅⰹ.ⱂⱃⰵⰸ.ⱂⰰⱄ. | ⱍⰾ. | ⰴⱃⱆⰳⰹ.ⱂⱆⱅ |
| 'ⰳⱃⰹⰻⰵⱈⱁⰱⰹ ⰽⱁⰻⰵ ⱄⰵ ⱀⰵ ⱍⰹⱀⰹ ⰴⱃⱆⰳⰹ ⱂⱆⱅⰰ'. | ||||
§54 Ⱂⱁⰳⱁⰴⰱⰵⱀⰵ ⱄⰵ ⱃⰵⱍⰵⱀⰹⱌⰵ ⱆⰱⱁⰴⰵ ⰱⰵⰸⱀⰹⰽⱁⰿ o(t) 'ⰰⰽⱁ'; ⱆ ⱀⰻⰹⰿⰰ ⱁⰱⰹⱍⱀⱁ ⱄⱅⱁⰻⰹ ⰹⱀⰴⰹⰽⰰⱅⰹⰱ:
| ot | oed | mawr | ef, | mwy | dwyweith | oied | y | wreic | noc | ef |
| ⰰⰽⱁ | cop.3sg.ⱂⱃⰵⱅ. | ⰱⰵⰾⰹⰽ | ⱁⱀ | ⰱⰵⰾⰹⰽ.ⰽⱁⰿⱂ. | ⰴⰱⰰⱂⱆⱅ | cop. | ⱍⰾ. | ⰶⰵⱀⰰ | ⱂⱃⰵⱂ. | ⱁⱀ |
| (BVL 26.2-) | ||||||||||
| "Ⰰⰽⱁ ⰻⰵ ⱁⱀ ⰱⰹⱁ ⰱⰵⰾⰹⰽ, (ⱀⰻⰵⰳⱁⰱⰰ) ⰻⰵ ⰶⰵⱀⰰ ⰱⰹⰾⰰ ⰴⰱⰰⱂⱆⱅ ⰱⰵⱋⰰ ⱁⰴ ⱀⰻⰵⰳⰰ" | ||||||||||
§55 Ⱆⰸⱃⱁⱍⱀⰵ ⱄⰵ ⱃⰵⱍⰵⱀⰹⱌⰵ ⱆⰱⱁⰴⰵ ⰱⰵⰸⱀⰹⰽⱁⰿ can (ⱄ ⱀⰵⰳⰰⱌⰹⰻⱁⰿ cany):
| Kynhevi | a | oruc | Pwyll, | cany | bu | attepy | a | rodassei |
| Ⱎⱆⱅⱀⰻⰰ | ⱍ. | ⱍⰹⱀⰹⱅⰹ.ⱂⱃⰵⱅ.3sg. | Ⱂ. | ⰻⰵⱃ.ⱀⰵ | cop.3sg.ⱂⱃⰵⱅ. | ⱁⰴⰳⱁⰱⱁⱃ | ⱃⰵⰾ.ⱍ. | ⰴⰰⱅⰹ.ⱂⰾⱂⱇ.3sg. |
| (PPD 10.31) | ||||||||
| "Ⱂⱆⰻⰾⰾ ⰻⰵ ⱎⱆⱅⰹⱁ, ⰻⰵⱃ ⱀⰹⰻⰵ ⰱⰹⰾⱁ ⱁⰴⰳⱁⰱⱁⱃⰰ ⰽⱁⰻⰹ ⰱⰹ ⰴⰰⱁ" | ||||||||
§56 Ⱀⰰⰿⰻⰵⱃⱀⱁ-ⱂⱁⱄⰾⰻⰵⰴⰹⱍⱀⰵ ⱃⰵⱍⰵⱀⰹⱌⰵ ⱆⰱⱁⰴⰵ ⱄⰵ ⰱⰵⰸⱀⰹⰽⱁⰿ val:
| par | weithon | wahard | y | longeu | ar | ysgraffeu | ar | corygeu, |
| ⱀⰰⱃⰵⰴⰹⱅⰹ.ⰹⱂⰱ.2sg. | ⱁⰴⰿⰰⱈ | ⰸⰰⰱⱃⰰⱀⰹⱅⰹ(vn.) | ⱍⰾ. | ⰱⱃⱁⰴ.pl. | ⰹ+ⱍⰾ. | ⰱⰰⱃⰽⰰ.pl. | ⰹ+ⱍⰾ. | ⱍⱆⱀ.pl |
| val | nat | el | neb | y | Gymry |
| ⰴⰰ | ⱀⰵ | ⰹⱋⰹ.ⰽⱁⱀⰻ.3sg. | ⱀⰵⱅⰽⱁ | ⱆ | Ⰲⰵⰾⱄ |
(BVL 27.33-34)
"Ⰸⰰⰱⱃⰰⱀⰹ ⱁⰴⰿⰰⱈ ⰱⱃⱁⰴⱁⰱⰵ, ⰱⰰⱃⰽⰵ ⰹ ⱍⱆⱀⱁⰱⰵ, ⰴⰰ ⱅⰽⱁⰳⱁⰴ ⱀⰵ ⰱⰹ ⱁⱅⰹⱎⰰⱁ ⱆ Ⰲⰵⰾⱄ"
§57 Ⰲⱃⰵⰿⰵⱀⱄⰽⰵ ⱄⰵ ⱃⰵⱍⰵⱀⰹⱌⰵ ⱆⰱⱁⰴⰵ ⰱⰵⰸⱀⰹⱌⰹⰿⰰ yny 'dok', tra 'ⰴⱁⰽ (ⰳⱁⰴ)', pan 'ⰽⰰⰴⰰ', ⰹⰿⰵⱀⰹⱌⱁⰿ amser 'ⰱⱃⰹⰻⰵⰿⰵ' ⱆⱂⱁⱅⱃⰹⰻⰵⰱⰾⰻⰵⱀⱁⰿ ⰽⰰⱁ ⰱⰵⰸⱀⰹⰽ, ⰹⱅⰴ.
| ac | yd | arhoes | ef, | yny | vyd | y | pleit | hayarn | yn | wenn |
| ⰹ | ⱍ. | ⱍⰵⰽⰰⱅⰹ.3sg.ⱂⱃⰵⱅ. | ⱁⱀ | ⰴⱁⰽ | ⰱⰹⱅⰹ.ⰹⱅⰵⱃ.ⱂⱃⰵⰸ.3sg. | ⱍⰾ. | ⰸⰹⰴ | ⰶⰵⰾⰻⰵⰸⱁ | ⱍ. | ⰱⰹⰻⰵⰾ |
| (BVL 26.31) | ||||||||||
| "Ⰹ ⱍⰵⰽⰰⱁ ⰻⰵ ⰴⱁⰽ ⰶⰵⰾⰻⰵⰸⱀⰹ ⰸⰹⰴ ⱀⰹⰻⰵ ⱂⱁⱄⱅⰰⱁ ⰱⰹⰻⰵⰾ (ⱁⰴ ⱆⱄⰹⰻⰰⱀⰻⰰ)." | ||||||||||
| yr | amser, | y | bu | hitheu | yn | y | dewred, | ny | bu |
| ⱍⰾ. | ⰱⱃⰹⰻⰵⰿⰵ | ⱍⰵⱄⱅ. | ⰱⰹⱅⰹ.3sg.ⱂⱃⰵⱅ. | ⱁⱀⰰ | ⱆ | ⱍⰾ. | ⱌⰱⰻⰵⱅⰰⱀⰻⰵ | ⱀⰵ | ⰱⰹⱅⰹ.3sg.ⱂⱃⰵⱅ. |
| wreic | delediwach | no | hi |
| ⰶⰵⱀⰰ | ⰾⰹⰻⰵⱂ.ⰽⱁⰿⱂ. | ⱁⰴ | ⱁⱀⰰ |
(MVL 37.2-3).
"Ⰴⱁⰽ ⰻⰵ ⱁⱀⰰ ⰱⰹⰾⰰ ⱆ ⱌⰱⰹⰻⰵⱅⱆ ⰿⰾⰰⰴⱁⱄⱅⰹ, ⱀⰹⰻⰵ ⰱⰹⰾⱁ ⰾⰻⰵⱂⱎⰵ ⰶⰵⱀⰵ ⱁⰴ ⱀⰻⰵ"
§58 Ⰴⰹⱁ ⱃⰵⱍⰵⱀⰹⱌⰵ ⰽⱁⰻⰹ ⱄⰰⰴⱃⰶⰰⰱⰰ ⱅⰵⰿⱆ ⰹⱄⰽⰰⰸⰰ (ⰵⱀⰳ. topic) ⰹⱄⱅⰹⱍⰵ ⱄⰵ ⱀⰰ ⱂⱁⱍⰵⱅⰽⱆ ⱃⰵⱍⰵⱀⰹⱌⰵ ⰹⰸⰰ ⰽⱁⱂⱆⰾⰵ ⱆ 3. ⰾ. sg. (ys); ⰹⰸⰰ ⰽⱁⱂⱆⰾⰵ ⱄⰾⰹⰻⰵⰴⰹ ⱃⰵⰾⰰⱅⰹⰱⱀⰰ ⱃⰵⱍⰵⱀⰹⱌⰰ ⱆⰱⰵⰴⰵⱀⰰ ⱍⰵⱄⱅⰹⱌⱁⰿ a; ⰽⱁⱂⱆⰾⰰ ⱄⰵ ⱄⰾⰰⰶⰵ ⱄ ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⱁⰿ ⱆ ⱃⰵⰾⰰⱅⰹⰱⱀⱁⰻ ⱃⰵⱍⰵⱀⰹⱌⰹ ⱆ ⰱⱃⰵⰿⰵⱀⱆ ⰹ ⱀⰰⱍⰹⱀⱆ:
| ys | mi | a'e | heirch |
| cop. | ⰻⰰ | rⰵⰾ.ⱍ.+ⱁⰱⰻ.ⰸⰰⰿⰻ.3sg.f. | ⱅⱃⰰⰶⰹⱅⰹ.3sg.ⱂⱃⰵⰸ. |
| (Evans 140) | |||
| "ⰻⰰ ⰻⱆ ⱅⱃⰰⰶⰹⰿ" (ⰴⱁⱄⰾ. ⰻⰰ ⱄⰰⰿ ⱁⱀⰰⰻ ⰽⱁⰻⰹ ⰻⰵ ⱅⱃⰰⰶⰹ) | |||
| bydhawt | ragot | ti | gyntaf | yd | agorawr | y | porth |
| cop.3sg.ⱂⱃⰵⰸ. | ⱂⱃⰵⱂ.2sg. | ⱅⰹ | ⱂⱃⰱⱁ | ⱍ. | ⱁⱅⰱⱁⱃⰹⱅⰹ.ⱂⱃⰵⰸ.3sg. | ⱍⰾ. | ⰱⱃⰰⱅⰰ |
| (Evans 140) | |||||||
| "Ⰸⰰ ⱅⰵⰱⰵ ⱋⰵ ⱄⰵ ⱂⱃⰱⱁ ⱁⱅⰱⱁⱃⰹⱅⰹ ⰱⱃⰰⱅⰰ" | |||||||
§59 Ⰽⱁⱂⱆⰾⰰ ⱄⰵ, ⱁⱄⱁⰱⰹⱅⱁ ⱆ ⰽⰰⱄⱀⰹⰻⰵⰿ ⱄⱃⰵⰴⱀⰻⰵⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰿ, ⰿⱁⰶⰵ ⰹ ⰹⰸⱁⱄⱅⰰⰱⰹⱅⰹ:
| Duw | hollgyvoethauc | a | adola | hi |
| Ⰱⱁⰳ | ⱄⰱⰵⰿⱁⰳⱆⱋⰹ | ⱃⰵⰾ.ⱍ. | ⱁⰱⱁⰶⰰⰱⰰⱅⰹ.3sg.ⱂⱃⰵⰸ | ⱁⱀⰰ |
| (Evans, 141) | ||||
| "Ⱁⱀⰰ ⱁⰱⱁⰶⰰⰱⰰ ⱄⰱⰵⰿⱁⰳⱆⱋⰵⰳ Ⰱⱁⰳⰰ" | ||||
§60 Ⱆ ⱄⱃⰵⰴⱀⰻⱁⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰿ ⰻⰵ ⱍⰵⱄⱅⰰ ⱂⱁⰻⰰⰱⰰ ⰸⰰⰿⰻⰵⱀⰰ ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⰰ ⰹⰿⰵⱀⰹⱌⰰⰿⰰ ⱄ ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⱁⰿ gwneuthur 'ⱍⰹⱀⰹⱅⰹ':
| mi | a | wnaf | y | dangneued | ar | y | llun | y | mynno | e | hun |
| ⰻⰰ | ⱍ. | ⱍⰹⱀⰹⱅⰹ.3sg.ⱂⱃⰵⰸ. | čl. | ⰿⰹⱃ | ⱂⱃⰵⱂ. | ⱍⰾ. | ⱁⰱⰾⰹⰽ | ⱍ. | ⱈⱅⰻⰵⱅⰹ.3sg.ⰽⱁⱀⰻ. | ⱁⱀ | ⱅⱁ |
| (BVL 24.27-8) | |||||||||||
| "Ⱂⱁⰿⰹⱃⰹⱅ ⱋⱆ ⱄⰵ ⱄ ⱀⰻⰹⰿ ⱀⰰ ⱀⰰⱍⰹⱀ ⱀⰰ ⰽⱁⰻⰹ ⱁⱀ ⱅⱁ ⰶⰵⰾⰹ" | |||||||||||
| A | dechreu | ymdidan | a | wnaeth | Matholwch | a | Bendigeit | Vran |
| ⰹ | ⱂⱁⱍⰵⱅⰹ | ⱃⰰⰸⰳⱁⰱⱁⱃ | ⱍ. | ⱍⰹⱀⰹⱅⰹ.3sg.ⱂⱃⰵⱅ. | Ⰿ | ⰹ | ⰱⰾⰰⰳⱁⱄⰾⱁⰱⰾⰻⰵⱀⰹ | Ⰱⱃⰰⱀ |
| (BVL 25.4-5) | ||||||||
| "Ⰹ Ⰿⰰⱅⱁⰾⱆⱈ ⰻⰵ ⱄⱅⰰⱁ ⱃⰰⰸⰳⱁⰱⰰⱃⰰⱅⰹ ⱄ ⰱⰾⰰⰳⱁⱄⰾⱁⰱⰾⰻⰵⱀⰹⰿ Ⰱⱃⰰⱀⱁⰿ" | ||||||||
| a | dyolwch | a | wnaeth | ynteu |
| ⰹ | ⰸⰰⱈⰱⰰⰾⰹⱅⰹ | ⱍ. | ⱍⰹⱀⰹⱅⰹ.3sg.ⱂⱃⰵⱅ. | ⱁⱀ |
| (BVL 25.17-18) | ||||
| "Ⰹ ⱁⱀ ⱄⰵ ⰸⰰⱈⰱⰰⰾⰹⱁ" | ||||
| Dilit | ymdidan | a | wnaethant | y | nos | honno |
| ⱀⰰⱄⱅⰰⰱⰹⱅⰹ | ⱃⰰⰸⰳⱁⰱⱁⱃ | ⱍ. | ⱍⰹⱀⰹⱅⰹ.3pl.ⱂⱃⰵⱅ. | ⱍⰾ. | ⱀⱁⱋ | ⱅⰰ |
| (BVL 27.7) | ||||||
| "Ⱀⰰⱄⱅⰰⰱⰹⰾⰹ ⱄⱆ ⱃⰰⰸⰳⱁⰱⰰⱃⰰⱅⰹ ⱅⰵ ⱀⱁⱋⰹ" | ||||||
§61 Ⰸⰰⰱⰹⱄⱀⰵ ⱃⰵⱍⰵⱀⰹⱌⰵ ⰸⰰⰿⰹⰻⰵⱀⰻⱆⰻⱆ ⱄⰵ ⱍⰵⱄⱅⱁ ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⱄⰽⰹⰿ ⰹⰿⰵⱀⰹⱌⰰⰿⰰ:
| Mi | a | welaf | y | varchoges | y | dyvot |
| ⰻⰰ | ⱍ. | ⰱⰹⰴⰻⰵⱅⰹ.1sg.ⱂⱃⰵⰸ. | ⱍⰾ. | ⰻⰰⱈⰰⱍⰹⱌⰰ | ⱍ. | ⰴⱁⰾⰰⰸⰹⱅⰹ |
| (PPD 9.6-7) | ||||||
| "Ⰲⰹⰴⰹⰿ ⰻⰰⱈⰰⱍⰹⱌⱆ ⰽⰰⰽⱁ ⰴⱁⰾⰰⰸⰹ" (= "ⰱⰹⰴⰹⰿ ⰻⰰⱈⰰⱍⰹⱌⱆ ⰴⱁⰾⰰⰸⰹⱅⰹ") | ||||||
§62 Ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⰹ ⰿⰹⱎⰾⰻⰵⱀⰻⰰ/ⱁⱄⰻⰵⱋⰰⱀⰻⰰ ⱍⰵⱄⱅⱁ ⱄⰵ ⰸⰰⰿⰹⰻⰵⱀⰻⱆⰻⱆ ⱂⱃⰹⰻⰵⰴⰾⱁⰳⱁⰿ gan 'ⱄ':
| Yn | ardiawc | gan | Vendigeit | Vran | yn | ymdidan | ac | yn | drist |
| ⱍ. | ⱂⱁⰾⰰⰳⰰⱀ | ⱄ | ⰱⰾⰰⰳⱁⱄⰾⱁⰱⰾⰻⰵⱀ | Ⰱ. | ⱍⰾ. | ⱃⰰⰸⰳⱁⰱⱁⱃ | ⰹ | ⱍ. | ⱅⱆⰶⰰⱀ |
| (BVL 25.5-6) | |||||||||
| "Ⰱⰾⰰⰳⱁⱄⰾⱁⰱⰾⰻⰵⱀⱁⰿ Ⰱⱃⰰⱀⱆ ⱃⰰⰸⰳⱁⰱⱁⱃ ⱄⰵ ⱍⰹⱀⰹⱁ ⱂⱁⰾⰰⰳⰰⱀⰹⰿ ⰹ ⱅⱆⰶⱀⰹⰿ" | |||||||||
| a | da | yw | gennyf | dy | welet | ti |
| ⰹ | ⰴⱁⰱⱃⱁ | ⰱⰹⱅⰹ.3sg.ⱂⱃⰵⰸ. | ⱄ.1sg. | 2sg.ⱂⱁⱄⰱ.ⰸⰰⰿⰻ. | ⰱⰹⰴⰻⰵⱅⰹ | ⱅⰹ |
| (PPD 9.21) | ||||||
| "Ⰹ ⰴⱃⰰⰳⱁ ⰿⰹ ⰻⰵ ⰴⰰ ⱅⰵ ⰱⰹⰴⰹⰿ" | ||||||
§63 Ⱆ ⱄⱃⰵⰴⱀⰻⱁⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰿ ⱀⰵⰿⰰ ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⰰ 'ⰹⰿⰰⱅⰹ'. Ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾ 'ⰹⰿⰰⱅⰹ' ⰸⰰⰿⰹⰻⰵⱀⰻⱆⰻⰵ ⱄⰵ ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⱁⰿ 'ⰱⰹⱅⰹ' ⱄ ⱂⱃⰹⰻⰵⰴⰾⱁⰳⱁⰿ gan 'ⱄ':
| eithyr | na | byd | llyveryd | gantaw |
| ⱁⱄⰹⰿ | ⱀⰵ | ⰱⰹⱅⰹ.3sg.ⱂⱃⰵⰸ. | ⰳⱁⰱⱁⱃ | ⱄ.3sg.m. |
| (BVL 25.17) | ||||
| "Ⱁⱄⰹⰿ ⱎⱅⱁ ⱀⰵⱋⰵ ⰹⰿⰰⱅⰹ ⰳⱁⰱⱁⱃ" = "ⱄⰰⰿⱁ ⱎⱅⱁ ⱀⰵⱋⰵ ⰿⱁⱋⰹ ⰳⱁⰱⱁⱃⰹⱅⰹ" | ||||
§64 Ⰰⱇⰹⱃⰿⰰⱅⰹⰱⱀⰰ ⱃⰵⱍⰵⱀⰹⱌⰰ ⱍⰵⱄⱅⱁ ⱄⰵ ⰹⰸⱃⰰⰶⰰⰱⰰ ⰴⰱⱁⱄⱅⱃⱆⰽⱁⰿ ⱀⰵⰳⰰⱌⰹⰻⱁⰿ:
| Ac | ny | wnn | na | bo | yno, | y | kaffo |
| ⰹ | ⱀⰵ | ⰸⱀⰰⱅⰹ.1sg.ⱂⱃⰵⰸ. | ⱀⰵⰳ.ⱃⰵⰾ. | ⰱⰹⱅⰹ3sg.ⰽⱁⱀⰻ. | ⱁⱀⰴⰻⰵ | ⱍ. | ⰴⱁⰱⰹⱅⰹ.3sg.ⰽⱁⱀⰻ. |
| (BVL 25.25-6) | |||||||
| "Ⰹ ⰸⱀⰰⰿ ⰴⰰ ⰳⰰ ⰻⰵ ⱁⱀⰴⰻⰵ ⰴⱁⰱⰹⱁ" (= "ⰹ ⱀⰵ ⰸⱀⰰⰿ ⰴⰰ ⰳⰰ ⱁⱀⰴⰻⰵ ⱀⰹⰻⰵ ⰴⱁⰱⰹⱁ") | |||||||
§65 Ⱀⰵⰳⰰⱌⰹⰻⰰ ⰿⱁⰶⰵ ⰱⰹⱅⰹ ⱂⱁⰻⰰⱍⰰⱀⰰ ⱍⰵⱄⱅⰹⱌⱁⰿ dim 'ⰿⰰⰾⱁ, ⰽⱁⰿⰰⰴⰹⱋ' (ⱆⱄⱂ. ⱇⱃ. pas):
| Ac | eres | yw | gennyf | i, | ony | wdost | ti | dim | y | wrth | hynny. |
| ⰹ | ⱍⱆⰴⱀⱁ | ⰱⰹⱅⰹ.3sg.ⱂⱃⰵⰸ. | ⱄ.1sg. | ⰻⰰ | ⰻⰵⱃ.ⱀⰵ | ⰸⱀⰰⱅⰹ.2sg.ⱂⱃⰵⱅ. | ⱅⰹ | ⱍ. | ⱂⱃⰵⱂ. | ⱅⱁ | |
| (BVL 25.30-31) | |||||||||||
| "Ⰹ ⱍⱆⰴⰹⰿ ⱄⰵ ⱎⱅⱁ ⱅⰹ ⱀⰵ ⰸⱀⰰⱎ ⱀⰹⱎⱅⰰ ⱁ ⱅⱁⰿⰵ". | |||||||||||
§66 Ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⰹ ⱁⱄⰻⰵⱋⰰⱀⰻⰰ (verba sentiendi) ⱍⰵⱄⱅⱁ ⱄⰵ ⰸⰰⰿⰻⰵⱀⰻⱆⰻⱆ ⰽⱁⱀⱄⱅⱃⱆⰽⱌⰹⰻⰰⰿⰰ ⱄ ⰽⱁⱂⱆⰾⱁⰿ, ⱂⱃⰹⰻⰵⰴⰾⱁⰳⱁⰿ ⰹ ⰹⰿⰵⱀⰹⱌⱁⰿ, ⱂⱁ ⱁⰱⱃⰰⱄⱌⱆ: ⰱⰹⱅⰹ + ⱀⰰ/ⱂⱃⰹ + ⱁⱄⰻⰵⱋⰰⰻ + ⱄⱆⰱⰻⰵⰽⱅ ⱁⱄⰻⰵⱋⰰⰻⰰ:
| Ac | na | vit | un | ovyn | arnat |
| ⰹ | ⱀⰵⰳ. | ⰱⰹⱅⰹ.ⰹⰿⱂ.3sg. | ⰹⰻⰵⰴⰰⱀ | ⱄⱅⱃⰰⱈ | ⱀⰰ.2sg. |
| (MVL 43.16) | |||||
| "Ⰹ ⱀⰵ ⰱⱁⰻ ⱄⰵ (ⱀⰹⰿⰰⰾⱁ)" | |||||
§67 Ⰸⱀⰰⱍⰵⱀⰻⰵ 'ⱅⱃⰵⰱⰰⱅⰹ, ⰱⰹⱅⰹ ⱂⱁⱅⱃⰵⰱⱀⱁ' ⰹⱄⰽⰰⰸⱆⰻⰵ ⱄⰵ ⰽⱁⱀⱄⱅⱃⱆⰽⱌⰹⰻⱁⰿ: reit ('ⱀⱆⰶⰴⰰ') + ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾ bod ('ⰱⰹⱅⰹ') + ⱂⱃⰹⰻⰵⰴⰾⱁⰳ i ('ⰽ') + ⰾⱁⰳⰹⱍⰽⰹ ⱄⱆⰱⰻⰵⰽⱅ:
| Reit | oed | im | wrth | gynghor |
| ⱀⱆⰶⰴⰰ | ⰱⰹⱅⰹ.ⰽⱁⱀⰴ.3sg. | ⰽ.ⰿⰵⱀⰹ | ⱄ | ⱄⰰⰱⰻⰵⱅ |
| (MVL 36.15) | ||||
| "Ⱅⱃⰵⰱⰰ ⰿⰹ ⱄⰰⰱⰻⰵⱅ" | ||||
dioer 'Ⰱⱁⰳ ⰸⱀⰰ' (< Duw a wyr), 'ⰴⱁⰹⱄⱅⰰ'
om tebygu i 'ⱂⱁ ⰿⱁⰻⰵⰿ ⰿⰹⱎⰾⰻⰵⱀⰻⱆ'
Duw a rwydhao ragot 'Ⰱⱁⰳ ⱅⰹ ⱂⱁⰿⱁⰳⰰⱁ' (ⱍⰵⱄⱅⱁ ⱆ ⰸⱀⰰⱍⰵⱀⰻⱆ 'ⱄⱃⰵⱅⰰⱀ ⱂⱆⱅ, ⰸⰱⱁⰳⱁⰿ')
myn vyng cret 'ⱅⰰⰽⱁ ⰿⰹ ⰿⱁⰻⰵ ⰱⰻⰵⱃⰵ' (ⱆ ⰸⱀⰰⱍⰵⱀⰻⱆ: 'ⰽⱆⱀⰵⰿ ⱄⰵ').
Bendith Duw itt 'ⰱⱁⰳ ⱅⰵ ⰱⰾⰰⰳⱁⱄⰾⱁⰱⰹⱁ'
Ⱂⱁⱍⰵⱅⰰⰽ ⱂⱃⰹⱍⰵ ⱁ Ⰿⰰⱀⰰⰱⰹⰴⰰⱀⱆ, ⱄⰹⱀⱆ Ⰾⰾⰹⱃⰰ. Ⱂⱃⰵⰿⰰ ⰹⰸⰴⰰⱀⰻⱆ Ⰾ. Ⰿⰻⱆⰾⰻⱈⰰⱆⰸⰵⱀⰰ, ⱂⱁⱍⰵⱅⰰⰽ; 11. ⱄⱅⱁⰾⰻⰵⱋⰵ
Llyma y dryded geinc or Mabinogi
Gwedy daruot yr seith wyr, a dywedassam ni uchot, cladu penn Bendigeit Vran yn y Gwynvryn yn Llundein ae wyneb ar Freinc edrych a wnaeth Manawydan ar y dref yn Llundein ac ar y gedymdeithon a dodi ucheneit vawr, a chymryt diruawr alar a hiraeth yndaw: "Oi a Duw hollgyuoethawc, gwae vi!", heb ef, "nyt oes neb heb le idaw heno namyn mi!" "Arglwyd, heb y Pryderi, na vit gyndrymhet genhyt a hynny; dy geuynderw yssyd vrenhin yn Ynys y Kedyrn, a chyn gwnel gameu it, heb ef, ny buost ti hawlwr tir a dayar eiryoet. Trydyd lledyf unben wyt." "Ie," heb ef, "kyt boet keuynderw ymi y gwr hwnnw, goathrist yw gennyf gwelet neb yn lle Bendigeit Vran, vy mrawt; ac ny allaf vot yn llawen yn un ty ac ef." "A wney ditheu gynghor arall?" heb y Pryderi. "Reit oed im wrth gynghor, heb ef, a pha gynghor yw hwnnw?" "Seith gantref Dyvet ry edewit imi, heb y Pryderi, a Riannon, vy mam, ysssyd yno; mi a rodaf itti honno a medyant y seith gantref genthi."
llyma 'ⰵⰱⱁ' ? < *lis-mages (ⱆⱄⱂ. ma 'ⰿⰻⰵⱄⱅⱁ' < ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *magos 'ⱃⰰⰱⱀⰹⱌⰰ', ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. mag)
tryded 'ⱅⱃⰵⱋⰹ' < *tritiyo- (ⱆ ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. tress < *trit-to-)
ceinc 'ⰳⱃⰰⱀⰰ' < *genkā, *kenkā (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. géc)
o 'ⱁⰴ' < *au (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. ó)
gwedy 'ⱀⰰⰽⱁⱀ' < ⱄⱅⰱⰵⰾⱎ. guetic
darfod 'ⰴⱁⰳⱁⰴⰹⱅⰹ ⱄⰵ' < *dar-bod (ⱆⱄⱂ. bod 'ⰱⰹⱅⰹ')
seith '7' < *septen (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. secht)
gwr, pl. gwyr 'ⱍⱁⰱⰻⰵⰽ' < *wiro- (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. fer)
dyweddud 'ⱃⰵⱋⰹ'
uch 'ⰱⰹⱄⱁⰽ, ⰳⱁⱃⱀⰻⰹ'
cladu 'ⰸⰰⰽⱁⱂⰰⱅⰹ' < *klad- (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. cladid 'ⰽⱁⱂⰰ')
penn m. 'ⰳⰾⰰⰱⰰ' < *kwendo- (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. cend)
Gwynvryn 'Ⰱⰹⰻⰵⰾⱁ Ⰱⱃⰴⱁ'
a 'ⰹ' (+ a 'ⱀⰻⰵⰳⱁⰱ' = ae) (ⱆⱄⱂ. ⰱⱃⰵⱅ. hag 'ⰹ')
ar 'ⱂⱃⰵⰿⰰ' < *are (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. air)
Freinc 'Ⱇⱃⰰⱀⱌⱆⱄⰽⰰ'
wyneb 'ⰾⰹⱌⰵ' < *ēnekwo- (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. énech)
edrych '(ⱂⱁ)ⰳⰾⰵⰴⰰⱅⰹ'
wnaeth 3sg. ⱂⱃⰵⱅ. ⱁⰴ gwneuthur 'ⱆⱍⰹⱀⰹⱅⰹ'
tref 'ⰳⱃⰰⰴ' < *treb- (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. treb)
a(c) 'ⰹ'
gedymdeith 'ⱂⱃⰹⰻⰰⱅⰵⰾⰻ' (ⱆⱄⱂ. taith 'ⱂⱆⱅ', ym-daith 'ⱂⱁⱅⱈⰱⰰⱅ')
dodi 'ⰴⱁⱋⰹ'
ucheneit 'ⰻⰰⱆⰽ, ⱆⰸⰴⰰⱈ'
mawr 'ⰱⰵⰾⰹⰽ'
cymryd 'ⱁⰱⱆⰸⰵⱅⰹ'
dir- 'ⰱⱃⰾⱁ'
hiraeth 'ⱍⰵⰶⱀⰻⰰ, ⱀⱁⱄⱅⰰⰾⰳⰹⰻⰰ' (ⱆⱄⱂ. hir 'ⰴⱆⰳⰰⱍⰰⰽ')
galar 'ⰱⱁⰾ, ⰱⱁⰾⰵⱄⱅ' < *galaro- (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. galar 'ⰱⱁⰾⰵⱄⱅ')
yn 'ⱆ' < *en (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. in)
holl-gyfoedhawc 'ⱄⰱⰵⰿⱁⰳⱆⱋⰹ' <*ollo- (< *solwo-, ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. oll- 'ⱄⰱⰵ'-) + cyfoedhawc 'ⰿⱁⱋⰰⱀ'
gwae 'ⰻⰰⱁ' (ⱆⱄⱂ. ⰾⰰⱅ. vae)
mi 'ⰻⰰ'
heb 'ⱃⰵⱍⰵ' (ⰴⰵⱇⰵⰽⱅⰹⰱⰰⱀ ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾ) < *sekwe- (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. sechithir 'ⱄⰾⰹⰻⰵⰴⰹ')
ef 'ⱁⱀ' < ⱄⱅⰱⰵⰾⱎ. em
oes 3sg. ⱂⱃⰵⰸ. ⱁⰴ bod 'ⰱⰹⱅⰹ' (ⱆ ⰸⱀⰰⱍⰵⱀⰻⱆ 'ⰹⰿⰰ')
neb 'ⱀⰵⱅⰽⱁ' < *nekwo- (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. nech)
heb 'ⰱⰵⰸ' < *sekwo- (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. sech)
lle 'ⰿⰻⰵⱄⱅⱁ' < *lego- (ⱆⱄⱂ. ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. le, ⰳⰰⰾ. legasit 'ⱂⱁⱄⱅⰰⰱⰹⱁ ⰻⰵ')
i 'ⰽ' (3sg. m. idaw)
heno 'ⱀⱁⱋⰰⱄ' (ⱆⱄⱂ. ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. innocht)
namyn 'ⱁⱄⰹⰿ'
arglwyd 'ⰳⱁⱄⱂⱁⰴⰹⱀ, ⰳⱁⱄⱂⱁⰴⰰⱃ' < *are-klēti- 'ⱁⱀⰰⰻ ⰽⱁⰻⰹ ⱁⱂⱁⱃⰵⰸⱆⰻⰵ' (ⰱⰵⰾⱎ. clwy-).
bid, bit ⰹⱅⰵⱃⰰⱅⰹⰱⱀⰹ ⱂⱃⰵⰸⰵⱀⱅ/ⱇⱆⱅⱆⱃ ⱁⰴ bod 'ⰱⰹⱅⰹ' 3sg.
trym 'ⱅⰵⰶⰰⰽ, ⱅⱆⰶⰰⱀ' ⰽⰰⱁ ⰹⰿⰵⱀⰹⱌⰰ 'ⱅⱆⰳⰰ'; ⰵⰽⰱⰰⱅⰹⰱ cyndrymhet
gan 'ⱄ' 2sg. genhyt
hynny 'ⱅⱁ'
dy 'ⱅⰱⱁⰻ'
kefynderw 'ⰱⱃⰰⱅⰹⱋ'
yssyd 3sg. ⱃⰵⰾⰰⱅⰹⰱⱀⰹ ⱁⰱⰾⰹⰽ ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⰰ bod 'ⰱⰹⱅⰹ' < *esti-yo (ⱆⱄⱂ. ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. as)
brenhin 'ⰽⱃⰰⰾⰻ' < *brigantīnos (ⱆⱄⱂ. Brigantes, ⰻⰵⰴⱀⱁ ⱁⰴ ⱂⰾⰵⰿⰵⱀⰰ ⱆ ⱃⰹⰿⱄⰽⱁⰻ Ⰱⱃⰹⱅⰰⱀⰹⰻⰹ)
ynys 'ⱁⱅⱁⰽ' < *inisā (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. inis)
cyn 'ⰹⰰⰽⱁ' < *kon (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. con-)
gwnel 2sg. ⰽⱁⱀⰻ. ⱂⱃⰵⰸ. ⱁⰴ gwneuthur 'ⱍⰹⱀⰹⱅⰹ' (ⱆⱄⱂ. ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. gniid 'ⱍⰹⱀⰹ')
cam 'ⰸⰾⱁ' < *kambo- (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. cam 'ⰹⱄⰽⱃⰹⰱⰾⰻⰵⱀ, ⱁⱂⰰⰽ')
buost 2sg. ⱂⱃⰵⱅ. ⱁⰴ bod 'ⰱⰹⱅⰹ'
ti 'ⱅⰹ'
hawlwr 'ⱅⱃⰰⰶⰹⰾⰰⱌ, ⰸⰰⱈⱅⰹⰻⰵⰱⰰⱅⰵⰾⰻ' (ⱂⱃⰰⰱⱀⰹ ⱅⰵⱃⰿⰹⱀ)
tir 'ⰸⰵⰿⰾⰻⰰ' < *tīro- (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. tír)
dayar, daear 'ⱂⱁⱄⰻⰵⰴ, ⰸⰵⰿⰾⰻⰰ'
eiryoet 'ⰹⰽⰰⰴⰰ' < *eir y oed 'ⰱⱃⰹⰻⰵⰿⰵ ⱀⰻⰵⰳⱁⰱⰰ ⰶⰹⰱⱁⱅⰰ'
lledyf 'ⱀⰵⰸⱀⰰⱅⰰⱀ, ⱄⰽⱃⱁⰿⰰⱀ'
unben 'ⰳⱁⱄⱂⱁⰴⰰⱃ' < *oyno-kweno- 'ⰻⰵⰴⱀⰰ ⰳⰾⰰⰱⰰ'
wyt 2sg. ⱂⱃⰵⰸ. ⱁⰴ bod 'ⰱⰹⱅⰹ'
ie 'ⰴⰰ'
kyt 'ⰹⰰⰽⱁ'
boet ⰽⱁⱀⰻ. ⱂⱃⰵⰸ. 3sg. ⱁⰴ bod 'ⰱⰹⱅⰹ'
goathrist 'ⱅⱆⰶⰰⱀ' < *upo-ad- tristi- (ⰾⰰⱅ. tristis)
rheit 'ⱀⱆⰶⰴⰰ'
wrth 'ⱂⱃⰹ, ⰸⰰ' < *writi (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. frith)
cynghor 'ⱄⰰⰱⰻⰵⱅ, ⱂⰾⰰⱀ'
pa 'ⰽⰰⰽⰰⰱ' (ⱆⱄⱂ. ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. cá)
hwnnw 'ⱅⰰⰻ'
cantref 'ⰽⰰⱀⱅⱃⰵⰱ, ⰽⱁⱅⰰⱃ' < *kanto-treb- 'ⱄⱅⱁ ⱀⰰⱄⰵⰾⰻⰰ'
edewit ⱂⰰⱄ. ⱂⱃⰵⱅ. ⱁⰴ adaw 'ⱂⱃⰵⱁⱄⱅⰰⱅⰹ'
vy 'ⰿⱁⰻ'
mam 'ⰿⰰⰻⰽⰰ'
yno 'ⱁⱀⰴⰻⰵ'
rhodi 'ⰴⰰⱅⰹ' (1sg. ⱂⱃⰵⰸ./ⱇⱆⱅ. rodaf)
honno 'ⱅⰰ, ⱁⱀⰰ'
meddiant 'ⰿⱁⱋ'
Ⱃⱅⰰⱃⱁⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⰰ ⱅⱆⰶⰰⰾⰻⰽⰰ ⱄⰰⱍⱆⰱⰰⱀⰰ ⱆ ⱄⱃⰵⰴⱀⰻⱁⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰿ ⱂⱃⰰⰱⱁⱂⰹⱄⱆ ⰹ ⱄ ⰿⱁⰴⰵⱃⱀⰹⰸⰹⱃⰰⱀⰹⰿ ⱁⰱⰾⰹⱌⰹⰿⰰ. Ⱂⱃⰹⱂⰹⱄⰰⱀⱁ Ⱈⰵⰾⰵⰴⰴ (?9. ⱄⱅ.), ⰹⰸ ⱃⱆⰽⱁⱂⰹⱄⰰ "Ⱌⱃⰱⰵⱀⰰ Ⱈⰵⱃⰳⰵⱄⱅⱁⰱⰰ ⰽⱀⰻⰹⰳⰰ" (ⱂⱃⰵⰿⰰ Rowland 1990; ⱂⱃⰱⰵ ⱍⰵⱅⰹⱃⰹ ⱄⱅⱃⱁⱇⰵ, ⱄⱅⱃ. 431-432)
Stauell Gyndylan ys tywyl heno
heb dan heb wely.
Wylaf wers. Tawaf wedy.
Stauell Gyndylan ys tywyll heno.
Heb dan heb gannwyll.
Namyn Duw pwy am dyry pwyll.
Stauell Gyndylan ys tywyll heno.
Heb dan heb oleuat.
E[t]lit am daw amdanat.
Stauell Gyndylan ys tywyll y nenn.
Gwedy gwen gyweithyd.
Gwae ny wna da ae dyuyd.
stafell 'ⰴⰱⱁⱃⰰⱀⰰ' < ⰾⰰⱅ. stabulum 'ⱎⱅⰰⰾⰰ'
Cynddylan ⱁⱄ. ⰹⰿⰵ
tywyl 'ⱅⰰⰿⰰⱀ'
heno 'ⱀⱁⱋⰰⱄ'
heb 'ⰱⰵⰸ'
dan 'ⰱⰰⱅⱃⰰ'
gwely 'ⰽⱃⰵⰱⰵⱅ'
gwyl 'ⱂⰾⰰⰽⰰⱅⰹ'
gwers 'ⰿⰰⰾⱁ'
taw 'ⱎⱆⱅⰻⰵⱅⰹ' < *taw- (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. tó 'ⰳⰾⱆⱈ')
wedy 'ⱂⱁⱄⰾⰹⰻⰵ'
cannwyll 'ⱄⰱⰹⰻⰵⱋⰰ' < ⰾⰰⱅ. candela
namyn 'ⱁⱄⰹⰿ'
Duw 'ⰱⱁⰳ' < *dēwo- (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. Día)
pwy 'ⱅⰽⱁ'
a ⱃⰵⰾ. ⱍⰵⱄⱅ. + -m- ⰹⱀⱇ. ⰸⰰⰿⰻⰵⱀⰹⱌⰰ 1sg.
dyry 2sg. ⱂⱃⰵⰸ. 'ⱍⱆⰱⰰⱅⰹ'
pwyll 'ⱆⰿ, ⱂⰰⰿⰵⱅ' < *kwēlo- (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. cíall)
oleuat 'ⱄⰱⰻⰵⱅⰾⱁ'
etlit 'ⱅⱆⰳⰰ'
daw 3sg. ⱂⱃⰵⰸ. ⱁⰴ dyfod 'ⰴⱁⱋⰹ'
amdanat = am 'ⰸⰱⱁⰳ' 2sg.
tywyll 'ⱌⱃⱀ'
nenn 'ⰽⱃⱁⰱ'
gwen 'ⰱⰹⰻⰵⰾ, ⱄⰻⰰⰻⰰⱀ, ⰾⰹⰻⰵⱂ' < *windo- (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. find)
gyweithyd 'ⰴⱃⱆⱎⱅⰱⱁ, ⰴⱃⱆⰶⰱⰰ'
gwae 'ⰻⰰⱁ'
ny 'ⱀⰵ'
gwna ⰽⱁⱀⰻ. 3sg. ⱁⰴ gwneuthur 'ⱍⰹⱀⰹⱅⰹ'
da 'ⰴⱁⰱⱃⱁ' (ⱂⱁⰹⰿⰵⱀⰹⱍⰵⱀⱁ) < *dago- (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. dag-, deg-)
a ⱃⰵⰾ. ⱍⰵⱄⱅ. + e ⰹⱀⱇ. ⰸⰰⰿⰻⰵⱀⰹⱌⰰ 3sg.
duyd 'ⰴⱁⰾⰰⰸⰹ'
Ⰵⱀⰳⰾⰹⱀⰹⱁⱀ5 ⰹⰸ ⱃⱆⰽⱁⱂⰹⱄⰰ Cambridge MS Ff 4.42 (ⱂⱃⰵⰿⰰ Ⱇⰰⰾⰹⰾⰵⰵⰱ 2003), 9-10. ⱄⱅ.
Niguorcosam nemheu naur henoid
mitelu nit gurmaur
mi am [franc] dam ancalaur.
nicanamniguardam nicusam henoid
cet iben med nouel
mi amfranc dam anpatel.
namercit mi nep leguenid henoid
is discirr micoueidid
dou nam riceus unguetid.
guorcosam 'ⱄⱅⱃⰰⰶⰰⱃⰹⰿ' < *wor- + ⰱⰵⰾⱎ. costawg 'ⱂⱃⱁⰿⰰⱅⱃⰰⱅⰹ'
nemheunaur 'ⱀⰹ ⱅⱃⰵⱀⱆⱅⰰⰽ, ⱀⰹⰿⰰⰾⱁ'?, ⰱⰻⰵⱃⱁⰻⰰⱅⱀⱁ ⱆ ⰱⰵⰸⰹ ⱄ ⰱⰵⰾⱎ. neb 'ⱀⰵⱅⰽⱁ, ⱀⰵⰽⰹ' mewn 'ⱄⱃⰵⰴⱀⰻⰹ' awr 'ⱄⰰⱅ, ⱅⱃⰵⱀⱆⱅⰰⰽ'
henoid 'ⱀⱁⱋⰰⱄ' (ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. heno)
mi 'ⰿⱁⰻ'
teulu 'ⱁⰱⰹⱅⰵⰾⰻ, ⱂⱃⰰⱅⱀⰻⰰ' < *tego-slowgo- 'ⰽⱆⱋⱀⰰ ⰴⱃⱆⰶⰹⱀⰰ' (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. teglach)
gurmaur 'ⰱⰵⰾⰹⰽ, ⰳⱁⰾⰵⰿ'
a 'ⰹ'
franc ?'ⱂⰾⰰⱋⰵⱀⰹⰽ, ⱀⰰⰻⰰⰿⱀⰹⰽ' < Francus 'Ⱇⱃⰰⱀⰰⰽ'
dam ?'ⱁⰽⱁ'
an 'ⱀⰰⱎ'
calaur 'ⰽⱁⱅⰰⱁ'
canam 'ⱂⰻⰵⰱⰰⰿ' (ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. canaf) < ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *kanā-mi (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. canaimm)
guardam 'ⱄⰿⰹⰻⰵⰿ ⱄⰵ' (ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. chwarddaf)
cusam ? ⱆⰿⰻⰵⱄⱅⱁ (gwor-)cosam 'ⱄⱅⱃⰰⰶⰰⱃⰹⰿ'; ⰹⰾⰹ ⱂⱁⱄⱆⰼⰵⱀⱁ ⰹⰸ ⱄⱅⰵⱀⰳ. cysan 'ⰾⰻⱆⰱⰹⱅⰹ'
cet 'ⰹⰰⰽⱁ' (ⱆⱄⱂ. ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. cía)
iben ⰹⱂⱇ. 1sg. if- (ⱄⱅⰱⰵⰾⱎ. yf-) 'ⱂⰹⱅⰹ'
med 'ⰿⰵⰴⱁⰱⰹⱀⰰ' < ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *medu- (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. mid)
nouel ?'ⱍⰹⱄⱅ' (ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. anawell 'ⱍⰹⱄⱅ')
patel 'ⱍⰰⱎⰰ' < ⰾⰰⱅ. *patella (patera 'ⱂⱁⱄⱆⰴⰰ')
ercit 3sg. ⰹⰿⱂ. 'ⱅⱃⰰⰶⰹⱅⰹ' (ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. erchi)
leguenit 'ⱃⰰⰴⱁⱄⱅ' (ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. llawenydd)
is 3sg. ⱂⱃⰵⰸ. ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⰰ bod 'ⰱⰹⱅⰹ'
discirr ?'ⱄⰹⱃⱁⰿⰰⱎⰰⱀ, ⱁⰱⰹⱍⰰⱀ' (? ⱆ ⰱⰵⰸⰹ ⱄⰰ ⱄⱃⰹⱃ. díscir 'ⱂⱃⰵⰸⱃⰵⱀ, ⱁⰽⱃⱆⱅⰰⱀ'
coueidid 'ⰴⱃⱆⰶⰹⱀⰰ' (ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. cyweithydd)
riceus ?'ⰳⱁⰱⱁⱃⰹ' < ? *ry- (ⱂⱁⱅⰵⱀⱌⰹⰻⰰⰾⱀⰹ ⱂⱃⰵⱇⰹⱄⰽ) + *caws- (ⱆ ⰱⰵⰸⰹ ⱄⰰ ⱄⱃⰵⰴⱀⰻⰵⰽⱁⱃⱀⰹⱍⰽⰹⰿ keusel 'ⰳⱁⰱⱁⱃⰹⱅⰹ' < lat. causor).
dou '2' (ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. deu)
nam 'ⰸⰰⱂⱁⰱⰻⰵⰴⱀⰹⰽ' (ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. naf)
un '1'
guetid 'ⰳⱁⰱⱁⱃⰹ'
Ⰹⱄⱂⱃⰰⰱⰰ ⰹⰸ ⱃⱆⰽⱁⱂⰹⱄⰰ St Chad (ⰹⰾⰹ "Ⰾⰹⱈⱇⰹⰾⰴⱄⰽⱁⰳ ⰵⰱⰰⱀⰼⰵⰾⰻⰰ") (ⱂⱃⰵⰿⰰ Ⱇⰰⰾⰹⰾⰵⰵⰱ 2003: 59), ⱁⰽⱁ 800.
Surexit tutbulc filius liuit hagener tutri dierchim. tir telih haioid ilau elcu filius gelhig haluidt iuguret amgucant pel amtanndi ho diued diprotant gener tutri o guir imguodant ir degion guragun tagc rodesit elcu guetig equs tres uache, tres uache nouidligi nam ir ni be cás igridu dimedichat guetig hit did braut grefiat guetig nis min tutbulc hai cenetl in ois oisou.
surrego, -ere ⰾⰰⱅ.
ha, a 'ⰹ'
gener 'ⰸⰵⱅ' < ⰾⰰⱅ. gener (?)
di ⱂⱃⰹⰻⰵⰴⰾⱁⰳ 'ⰸⰰ, ⰽ'
erchim ⰳⰾⰰⰳ. ⰹⰿ. 'ⱅⱃⰰⰶⰹⱅⰹ, ⱂⰹⱅⰰⱅⰹ' (ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. erchi)< ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *ark- < ⰹⰵ. *prk'- (ⰾⰰⱅ. posco).
tir 'ⰸⰵⰿⰾⰻⰰ' < ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *tīros- (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. tír) < *terso- (ⰾⰰⱅ. terra)
hai 'ⰽⱁⰻⰹ, ⰽⱁⰻⰰ, ⰽⱁⰻⰵ' (ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. a)
oid 3sg. ⱂⱃⰵⱅ. ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⰰ bod 'ⰱⰹⱅⰹ' (ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. oedd)
i 'ⱆ' < ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *in (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. in)
lau 'ⱃⱆⰽⰰ' < ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *lāmā (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. lám) < ⰹⰵ. *plh2meh2 (ⰳⱃ. palámē)
luidt 'ⱂⰾⰵⰿⰵ, ⱁⰱⰹⱅⰵⰾⰻ' (ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. llwyth)
amguc- 'ⱄⱂⱁⱃⰹⱅⰹ ⱄⰵ, ⱂⱃⰵⱂⰹⱃⰰⱅⰹ ⱄⰵ'
pel 'ⰴⱆⰳⰰⱍⰰⰽ' (ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. pell)
am 'ⱁ, ⱁⰽⱁ' < *ambi (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. imb)
ho, o 'ⰹⰸ, ⱁⰴ'
diued 'ⰽⱃⰰⰻ' (ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. diwedd)
diprot- 'ⱂⱃⰵⱄⱆⰴⰹⱅⰹ'
guir 'ⰸⰰⰽⱁⱀ' (ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. gwir)
imguod- 'ⱃⰵⱋⰹ'
dag- 'ⰴⱁⰱⰰⱃ' (ⰽⰰⱁ ⰹⰿⰵⱀⰹⱌⰰ: 'ⱂⰾⰵⰿⰹⱋ') < ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *dago- (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. dag-)
guragun 1pl. ⰹⰿⱂⰵⱃⰰⱅⰹⰱⰰ ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⰰ gwneuthur (ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ.) 'ⱍⰹⱀⰹⱅⰹ'
tagc 'ⰿⰹⱃ' (ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. tang)
rodi 'ⰴⰰⱅⰹ'
equus, tres, vache (ⱆⰿⰻ. vaccae) ⰾⰰⱅ.
cas 'ⰸⰰⰱⰹⱄⱅ'
nouidligi ? 'ⱀⰵⰴⰰⰱⱀⱁ ⱁⱅⰵⰾⰻⰵⱀⰵ' (ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. newydd 'ⱀⱁⰱ')
nam ? 'ⱁⱄⰹⰿ' (ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. namyn)
ir 'ⰻⰵⱃ, ⰸⰱⱁⰳ'
igridu 'ⰿⰵⰼⱆ ⱀⰻⰹⰿⰰ' (ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. yryngdunt)
be ⰽⱁⱀⰻ. ⱂⱃⰵⱅ. ⱁⰴ bod 'ⰱⰹⱅⰹ'
medichat 'ⰱⰾⰰⱄⱅ, ⱂⱁⱄⰻⰵⰴ'
hit 'ⰴⱁ'
did 'ⰴⰰⱀ' (ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. dydd) < ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *diyo- (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. día)
braut 'ⱄⱆⰴ' < ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *brāto- (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. bráth)
min- 'ⱈⱅⰻⰵⱅⰹ' (ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. myn-)
guetig 'ⱂⱁⱄⰾⰹⰻⰵ' (ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. gwedi)
cenetl 'ⱃⱁⰴ' < ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *kenetlon (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. cenél)
ois 'ⰱⰹⰻⰵⰽ' (ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. oes) < ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *oys- (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. óes)
Ⱃⱅⰰⱃⱁⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⰰ ⰻⱆⱀⰰⱍⰽⰰ ⱂⰻⰵⱄⰿⰰ ⱆ ⰿⱁⰴⰵⱃⱀⰹⰸⰹⱃⰰⱀⱁⰿ ⱁⰱⰾⰹⰽⱆ ⰹ ⱄⱃⰵⰴⱀⰻⱁⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰿ ⱂⱃⰰⰱⱁⱂⰹⱄⱆ, ⱄⱅⰹⱈⱁⰱⰹ 68-73 ⰹ 353-357; (ⱂⱃⰵⰿⰰ Ⰲⰹⰾⰾⰹⰰⰿⱄ 1938); Ⱂⱃⰹⱂⰹⱄⰰⱀⰰ Ⰰⱀⰵⰻⱃⰹⱀⱆ, ⱁⰽⱁ 600. (ⱄ ⰽⰰⱄⱀⰹⰻⰹⰿ ⱂⱃⰵⱃⰰⰴⰰⰿⰰ).
Gwyr a aeth gatraeth oed fraeth eu llu
glasved eu hancwyn a gwenwyn vu
trychant trwy beiryant en cattau
a gwedy elwch tawelwch vu
ket elwynt e lanneu e benydu
dadyl dieu agheu y eu treidu
...
Gwyr a gryssyassant buant gytneit
hoedyl vyrryon medwon uch med hidleit
gosgord vynydawc enwawc en reit
gwerth eu gwled o ved vu eu heneit
gwr 'ⱍⱁⰱⰻⰵⰽ'
aeth v. mynet 'ⰹⱋⰹ'
a ⱃⰵⰾ. ⱍⰵⱄⱅ.
Catraeth ⰿⰻⰵⱄⱅⱁ ⱆ ⱄⰻⰵⰱⰵⱃⱀⱁⰻ Ⰵⱀⰳⰾⰵⱄⰽⱁⰻ, ⰴⰰⱀⰰⱎⱀⰻⰹ Catterick
fraeth 'ⰱⰵⱄⰵⱁ'
llu 'ⰱⱁⰻⱄⰽⰰ' < ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *slowgo- (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. slúag)
glas-ved 'ⱄⰱⰻⰵⰶⰰ (ⰸⰵⰾⰵⱀⰰ) ⰿⰵⰴⱁⰱⰹⱀⰰ' (ⱆⱄⱂ. ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. mid 'ⰿⰵⰴⱁⰱⰹⱀⰰ')
hancwyn 'ⱁⱂⱄⰽⱃⰱⰰ, ⱈⱃⰰⱀⰰ'
gwenwyn 'ⰳⱁⱃⱍⰹⱀⰰ'
trychant '300'
trwy 'ⰽⱃⱁⰸ'
cat 'ⰱⰹⱅⰽⰰ, ⱁⰴⱃⰵⰴ' < ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *katu- (ⱄⱅir. cath)
elwch 'ⰳⱁⰸⰱⰰ'
tawelwch 'ⱎⱆⱅⱀⰻⰰ, ⱅⰹⱎⰹⱀⰰ'
ket 'ⰹⰰⰽⱁ' (ⱅⰰⰽⱁⰼⰵⱃ cyt)
elwynt v. mynet 'ⰹⱋⰹ'
e ⱆⰿⰻ. i, y 'ⱆ'
lann 'ⱌⱃⰽⰱⰰ'
penydu 'ⱂⱁⰽⱁⱃⰰ' < ⰾⰰⱅ. paenitentia
dylyu ?'ⰱⰹⱅⰹ ⰴⱆⰶⰰⱀ, ⰿⱁⱃⰰⱅⰹ'
agheu 'ⱄⰿⱃⱅ' < ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *ango- (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. éc)
treidu ? 'ⱁⰱⱁⱃⰹⱅⰹ'
cryss- 'ⱀⰰⱂⰰⰴⰰⱅⰹ'
cytneit 'ⰸⰰⰻⰵⰴⱀⱁ'?
hoedyl, hoedl 'ⰶⰹⰱⱁⱅ, ⰱⱃⰹⰻⰵⰿⰵ ⰶⰹⰱⱁⱅⰰ' < *saitlo- (ⱄⱃⰹⱃ. -sél), ⱆⱄⱂ. ⰾⰰⱅ. saeculum
byrr 'ⰽⱃⰰⱅⰰⰽ' < ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *berro- (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. berr)
medw 'ⱂⰹⰻⰰⱀ' ⱆⱄⱂ. (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. ⰹⰿⰵ Medb < ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *medwā 'ⱁⱂⰹⰻⰰⰻⱆⱋⰰ')
hidleit 'ⱂⱃⱁⱌⰹⰻⰵⰼⰵⱀ, ⰴⰵⱄⱅⰹⰾⰹⱃⰰⱀ'
gosgord 'ⰱⱁⰻⱄⰽⰰ'
enwawc 'ⱄⰾⰰⰱⰰⱀ, ⰳⰾⰰⱄⱁⰱⰹⱅ' (ⱆ ⰱⰵⰸⰹ ⱄ enw 'ⰹⰿⰵ')
reit 'ⰱⰹⱅⰽⰰ'
gwerth 'ⱌⰹⰻⰵⱀⰰ, ⱀⰰⰽⱀⰰⰴⰰ'
gwled 'ⰳⱁⰸⰱⰰ' < ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. *wledā (ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. fled)
heneit 'ⰴⱆⱎⰰ, ⰶⰹⰱⱁⱅ'
cop. = copula, kopula
ⱍ. = ⱍⰵⱄⱅⰹⱌⰰ
ⱍⰾ. = ⱍⰾⰰⱀ
f. = femininum, ⰶⰵⱀⱄⰽⰹ ⱃⱁⰴ
ⰹⱂⱇ. = ⰹⰿⱂⰵⱃⱇⰵⰽⱅ
ⰹⱅⰵⱃ. = ⰹⱅⰵⱃⰰⱅⰹⰱ
ⰽⱁⱀⰻ. = ⰽⱁⱀⰻⱆⱀⰽⱅⰹⰱ
m. = masculinum, ⰿⱆⱎⰽⰹ ⱃⱁⰴ
sg. = singular
pl. = plural
ⱂⱃⰵⱂ. = ⱂⱃⰵⱂⱁⰸⰹⱌⰹⰻⰰ
ⱂⱃⰵⱅ. = ⱂⱃⰵⱅⰵⱃⰹⱅ
ⱂⱃⰵⰸ. = ⱂⱃⰵⰸⰵⱀⱅ
ⱃⰵⰾ. = ⱃⰵⰾⰰⱅⰹⰱⱀⱁ
vn. = ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⱄⰽⰰ ⰹⰿⰵⱀⰹⱌⰰ
ⰱⱃⰵⱅ. = ⰱⱃⰵⱅⱁⱀⱄⰽⰹ
ⰵⱀⰳ. = ⰵⱀⰳⰾⰵⱄⰽⰹ
ⱇⱃ. = ⱇⱃⰰⱀⱌⱆⱄⰽⰹ
ⰳⰰⰾ. = ⰳⰰⰾⱄⰽⰹ
ⰳⱃ. = ⰳⱃⱍⰽⰹ
ⰽⰵⰾⱅ. = ⰽⰵⰾⱅⱄⰽⰹ
ⰽⱁⱃⱀ. = ⰽⱁⱃⱀⰹⱍⰽⰹ
ⰾⰰⱅ. = ⰾⰰⱅⰹⱀⱄⰽⰹ
ⱄⱃⰹⱃ. = ⱄⱃⰵⰴⱀⰻⱁⰹⱃⱄⰽⰹ
ⱄⱃⰱⰵⰾⱎ. = ⱄⱃⰵⰴⱀⰻⱁⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⰹ
ⱄⱅⰱⰵⰾⱎ. = ⱄⱅⰰⱃⱁⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⰹ
ⱄⱅⰹⱀⰴ. = ⱄⱅⰰⱃⱁⰹⱀⰴⰹⰻⱄⰽⰹ
ⱄⱅⰹⱃ. = ⱄⱅⰰⱃⱁⰹⱃⱄⰽⰹ
ⱄⱅⱄⰾ. = ⱄⱅⰰⱃⱁⱄⰾⰰⰱⰵⱀⱄⰽⰹ
Llyfr Gwyn Rhydderch, Y Chwedlau a'r Rhamantau, ⱄ ⱂⱃⰵⰴⰳⱁⰱⱁⱃⱁⰿ (ⱀⰰ ⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰿ) Ⱃ. Ⰿ. Ⰼⱁⱀⱄⰰ, ⰹⰸⰴⰰⱁ J. Gwenogvryn Evans, Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru, Cardiff 1973.
The Text of the Mabinogion and other Welsh Tales from the Red Book of Hergest, ⰹⰸⰴⰰⰾⰹ J. Rhŷs ⰹ J. Gwenogvryn Evans, Oxford 1887.
"Ⱌⱃⰱⰵⱀⰰ Ⱈⰵⱃⰳⰵⱄⱅⱁⰱⰰ ⰽⱀⰻⰹⰳⰰ", ⰽⱁⰻⰰ ⱄⰵ ⱍⱆⰱⰰ ⱆ Ⱁⰽⱄⱇⱁⱃⰴⱆ, ⰴⱁⱄⱅⱆⱂⱀⰰ ⰻⰵ ⱆ ⰵⰾⰵⰽⱅⱃⱁⱀⱄⰽⱁⰿ ⰹⰸⰴⰰⱀⰻⱆ ⱀⰰ ⰹⱀⱅⰵⱃⱀⰵⱅ-ⰰⰴⱃⰵⱄⰹ: http://image.ox.ac.uk/show?collection=jesus&manuscript=ms111
Mühlhausen, Ludwig, Die vier Zweige des Mabinogi, Halle 1925, (ⱂⱁⰱⱁⰾⰻⱎⰰⱀⱁ ⰹⰸⰴⰰⱀⰻⰵ ⰹⱄⱅⰵ ⰽⱀⰻⰹⰳⰵ ⱂⱃⰹⱃⰵⰴⰹⱁ ⰻⰵ Ⱃⱅⰵⱇⰰⱀ Ⱌⰹⰿⰿⰵⱃ, Tübingen 1988).
Thomson, Robert L. Pwyll Pendeuic Dyvet, The First of the Four Branches of the Mabinogi, DIAS, Dublin 1957.
Thomson, Derrick S. Branwen Uerch Lyr, The Second of the Four Branches of the Mabinogi, DIAS, Dublin 1961.
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1 Ⱅⰰⰽⱁⰼⰵⱃ ⰻⰵ ⰱⱃⰾⱁ ⰿⰰⰾⱁ ⱄⰰⱍⱆⰱⰰⱀⰹⱈ ⱀⰰⱅⱂⰹⱄⰰ ⱀⰰ ⰽⰰⰿⰵⱀⱆ ⰹⰸ ⱄⱅⰰⱃⱁⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰳ ⱃⰰⰸⰴⱁⰱⰾⰻⰰ. Ⱀⰰⰻⱄⱅⰰⱃⰹⰻⰹⰿ ⱄⰵ ⱄⰿⰰⱅⱃⰰ ⱀⰰⱅⱂⰹⱄ ⰹⰸ Ⱅⱁⰱⰹⱀⰰ, ⰽⱁⰻⰹ ⰱⰻⰵⱃⱁⰻⰰⱅⱀⱁ ⱂⱁⱅⰻⰵⱍⰵ ⰹⰸ 7. ⱄⱅ. (Jackson 1973-4).
2Jackson 1953 ⰹ Sims-Williams 1991 ⱄⰿⰻⰵⱎⱅⰰⰻⱆ ⱃⰵⱅⱃⰰⰽⱌⰹⰻⱆ ⱀⰰⰳⰾⰰⱄⰽⰰ ⱆ 11. ⱄⱅ., ⰰ Watkins 1974 ⱆ 9. ⱄⱅⱁⰾⰻⰵⱋⰵ.
3Ⱆ ⱄⱅⰱⰵⰾⱎ. ⰻⰵ ⱄⰰⰿⱁⰳⰾⰰⱄⱀⰹⰽ ⰱⰻⰵⱃⱁⰻⰰⱅⱀⱁ ⱂⱁⱄⱅⰰⱁ ⰰⱀⰰⰾⱁⰳⰹⰻⱁⰿ ⱂⱃⰵⰿⰰ 2sg. ti, ⰳⰴⰻⰵ ⰻⰵ ⱂⱃⰰⰱⰹⰾⰰⱀ.
4Ⱆ ⱄⱅⰰⱃⱁⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⱁⰿ ⱄⰵ ⱃⰰⰸⰾⰹⰽⱆⰻⰵ ⰰⱂⱄⱁⰾⱆⱅⱀⰹ ⱁⰱⰾⰹⰽ -tor (cephitor 'ⰴⱁⰱⰹⰱⰰ ⱄⰵ') ⱁⰴ ⰽⱁⱀⰻⱆⱀⰽⱅⱀⱁⰳⰰ -ir (rincir 'ⱅⱃⰵⰱⰰ').
5Englyn, pl. englinion ⰻⰵ ⱅⱃⰰⰴⰹⱌⰹⱁⱀⰰⰾⱀⰰ ⰱⰵⰾⱎⰽⰰ ⱄⱅⱃⱁⱇⰰ.